Part One – General Company Procedures
2.1.1
Accidents
Reporting of an accident must be carried out in accordance with the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous
Occurrences Regulations 1995 / 2013 (RIDDOR).
All accidents and dangerous occurrences must be reported as soon as possible to Head Office so that the Aware Safety Ltd
or Senior Management can give appropriate detailed advice on what action should be taken under the circumstances.
Facts and evidence regarding accidents and dangerous occurrences should be obtained as soon as possible. A copy of all
accident documentation, photographs etc., must be sent to the Head Office ‘Accident File’. Ensure the company Accident
Form BI 510 is completed for every accident/illness.
Reporting of Accidents (Management Responsibilities)
Listed below is the action to be taken in reporting the different categories of accidents and dangerous occurrences in
accordance with the RIDDOR Regulations 1995 / 2013.
A fatality, major injury condition or dangerous occurrence. Inform the local Health and Safety Executive immediately by the
quickest possible means ie telephone. A completed F2508 Form must be sent to the Local HSE, Office within ten days.
Injuries, which result in more than seven days absence from work, must be reported on an F2508 Form to the local HSE
Office within fifteen days from the date of the injury.
Diseases must be reported on F2508A to the local HSE Office.
Enter details of all accidents in the appropriate Accident Book BI 510 or your any other Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd
Accident Records.
Carry out an investigation of the accident taking care to ensure that written statements are obtained from all witnesses. A
thorough investigation into an accident should provide Management with answers to the following questions:
What caused the accident?
Who was involved?
When did it occur?
Where did it occur?
Why did it occur?
How could it have been prevented?
How can a recurrence be prevented?
The procedure, which all Employees will adopt for the reporting of accidents, is contained overleaf. This can also be found
within the Site Safety Register, along with copies of the F2508 Form, the company Accident Form B1150 and an Incident
Report Form.
Injuries under RIDDOR 2013
Fatality
Reportable to HSE immediately by telephone, complete and send F2508 within 10 days
Major Injury
Reportable to HSE immediately by telephone, complete and send F2508 within 10 days
Any fracture, other than fingers thumbs or toes;
Any amputation;
Dislocation of the shoulder, hip, knee or spine;
Loss of sight (whether temporary or permanent);
A chemical or hot metal burn to the eye or any penetrating injury to the eye;
Any injury resulting from an electrical shock or electrical burn (including any electrical burn caused by arcing or arcing
products) leading to unconsciousness or requiring resuscitation or admittance to hospital for more than 24 hours.
Any injury: a) leading to hypothermia, heart induced illness or to unconsciousness;
- b) requiring resuscitation;
- c) admittance to hospital for more than 24 hours.
Loss of consciousness caused by asphyxia or by exposure to a harmful substance or biological agent;
Either acute illness requiring medical treatment or loss of consciousness, which result from the absorption of any
substance by inhalation, ingestion or through the skin.
Acute illness which requires medical treatment where there is a reason to believe that this resulted from exposure to a
biological agent or its toxins or infected material.
Over 7 day injury
Any other injury that prevents a person from carrying out their normal duties for more than 7 days. Over 7 days include no
working days such as weekends and Bank Holidays.
Reportable to HSE via F2508 only within 15 days.
If you are not sure about the categories above, or have any questions relating to accidents do not hesitate to
contact the company Safety Consultants Aware Safety Ltd.
2.1.2
Alcohol and Drugs Policy
Anyone found under the influence of or in possession of alcohol or an illegal drug must be removed from company premises
and/or areas under our control and would be subjected to disciplinary measures. Anyone found smoking in a designated
‘No Smoking’ area must be instructed to extinguish the cigarette immediately in a safe manner and be subjected to
disciplinary measures. Special consideration must be given to Client conditions and requirements regarding this subject
when working on their premises/Contracts.
Random drug screening may be carried out on Employees engaged on safety critical work. If tests prove positive for alcohol
or drugs, this would be classified as a breach of the company Health and Safety Policy and would therefore result in
disciplinary procedures, which could include dismissal.
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd will use the standards for a positive test, shown below for Drugs and Alcohol generally.
Management should check the standards of positive tests with all our Clients and if there are standards for positive tests
lower than the figures below, then those lower standards will be adopted by the company for that particular Client.
Employees should note that it might take more than 24 hours for alcohol in blood to disperse. Employees should carefully
consider this aspect, particularly those who are engaged on safety critical work, or those Employees engaged on Contracts
where the Clients specify very low acceptable alcohol levels.
Any Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Employee found under the influence, or in possession of illegal drugs whilst at work,
will be removed from site immediately and the matter reported to the Police. This type of offence will be classified as a
major breach of the Health and Safety Policy, which would result in the Employee being dismissed.
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Standards
All Employees required to work on Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd premises/Contracts are required to be formally briefed
on the Drugs and Alcohol Policy. Each Employee receiving the standard pack of documentation, which is inclusive of the
Drugs and Alcohol Policy, are to receive briefings covering this subject as a part of their Induction for the Contract works
prior to starting work.
Positive screening results
For the purpose of the standards, means screening for:
The presence of drugs, other than medication, which does not affect the work performance.
For the purpose of the standard, means screening for:
More than 29 milligrams of alcohol in 100 millilitres of blood, or
More than 13 micrograms of alcohol in 100 millilitres of breath, or
More than 39 milligrams of alcohol in 100 millilitres of urine.
2.1.3
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Premises Fire Arrangements
Below are detailed general arrangements for emergency arrangements at the Head Office. These should be implemented
within the Fire Strategy and briefed to all employees and visitors. This will also incorporate the actions highlighted within the
Fire Risk Assessment completed in accordance with the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005.
It is important that all staff remain vigilant in the prevention and detection of fire on our premises. If you consider there is a
potential fire hazard inform your immediate Supervisor/Manager immediately.
Should a fire start, do not panic, shout out loud “Fire, Fire, Fire” and go to the fire alarm point in the Reception area
immediately and raise the alarm so that all other persons in the building are made aware of the danger.
After the alarm is raised, providing you have been trained in the use of fire extinguishers and as long as there is no personal
risk, attempt to extinguish the fire using one of the extinguishers sited around the premises. Ensure that you use the correct
fire extinguisher for the relevant type of fire, for example, do not use water extinguishers for electrical fires.
Leave the building by the nearest safe Fire Exit. Do not stop to collect personal belongings.
After leaving the building, go to the main assembly point; do not leave the fire assembly area until you have given your name
to the person calling the register roll who will give any necessary further information. Do not re-enter the building.
The main fire assembly point is situated outside the offices, unless otherwise directed.
The person in charge of evacuation of the building in the event of a fire must be made known to all Employees. This person
is to take the Employees attendance register and the visitor’s book to the fire assembly point to assist the roll call.
If the fire cannot be controlled quickly with the aid of extinguishers, any person present should call the Fire Service using
999 Emergency Services. If the telephone system is not working or a phone is not accessible, go to one of the adjoining
buildings to make the call.
If the fire is spreading ensure occupants of adjoining buildings are made aware of the potential danger.
Be familiar with the position of the fire alarm points as well as the location of extinguishers.
General precautions to prevent fires
▪ Ensure all equipment that can cause a fire is handled with the utmost care.
▪ Do not leave any naked flames unattended.
▪ Extinguish cigarettes and matches properly and do not smoke in No Smoking Areas.
▪ Do not throw cigarette ends or any hot items into bins or containers. Use ashtrays.
▪ Ensure all electrical machinery and equipment is switched off after use.
▪ Ensure that gas appliances are properly turned off after use.
▪ Store gas and oxygen cylinders in a proper manner in the designated area.
▪ Substances that have the potential of causing a fire must be used and stored correctly.
▪ Ensure that company premises have adequate fire protection to reduce the possibility of the spread of a fire where
appropriate.
2.1.4
Company First Aid Arrangements
The Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981
Employers must ensure adequate first aid provisions are made for their Employees. The Approved Codes of Practices
explain ‘adequate and appropriate’ provisions. Detailed information regarding the first aid requirements can be found in the
company library of safety information.
General Requirements for First Aid
Management should ensure the legal requirements for first aid is fully complied with. Provisions for first aid vary depending upon the nature of the works and the number of personnel employed. First Aid should be able to be catered for without difficulty at the Head Office. Where personnel etc., are working on site, Management should negotiate arrangements with Principal Contractors whenever possible. Where gangs of workers are to be supplied to sites to carry out works, one should be a Trained First Aider. Where the company has lone workers, special consideration should be given to the Accident Section of this Policy section.
First Aiders must be properly trained by an HSE approved training body.
For construction sites, where there are less than five Employees, there is no statutory duty to have a First Aider, but the Employer must ensure that an ‘appointed person’ is present to take charge of the situation if a serious injury or major illness occurs. An appointed person is someone who has attended a one-day HSE Approved First Aid Course. However, it is always advisable to have a trained First Aider available.
First Aid Kits and Boxes
All premises and places of work should have an appropriate amount of complete first aid kits. First aid kits/boxes must be easily accessible for the first aiders/appointed persons. Boxes/kits should be checked frequently to ensure they are fully stocked and that all items are in a useable condition. First aid boxes/kits locations must be clearly identified with a first aid sign. Only specified first aid contents are allowed in first aid kits/boxes as detailed in the HSE Guidance Notes. All first aid
cases that are treated must be recorded in the accident book. (Form B11510).
2.1.5
Safety Improvement Scheme
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd aims to actively audit its procedures in relation to Health and Safety procedures both on site and within company offices to ensure compliance with the Health and Safety Policy and all current legislation. Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd therefore expects the co-operation of all it’s staff in the manner detailed within Section One of the
Policy. Where it is highlighted the requirements of the Policy are not being adhered to the appropriate action will be taken to remedy any problems. This would include providing the appropriate training, equipment and where negligence of individuals is a factor, disciplinary action.
Safety Inspections
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd will conduct a system of site safety inspections, with the assistance of Aware Safety Ltd,
Safety Consultant. Where a site safety inspection is conducted, the site agent will be issued with a copy of the Safety Inspection Report, which will detail any issues, which have been noted during the inspection.
The Site Agent will be expected to comply with any requirements stipulated by the Inspecting Person immediately (where practicable). Enquiries should be first addressed with the Inspecting Person. If further issues are to be addressed, Management is to be contacted. Where requests for works to cease are made on safety grounds, this should be complied with and any enquiries should be made with Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd management.
Safe Systems of Working Procedures
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd have devised a Safe System of Working Procedures for their Head Office. This system has
been developed to ensure all works that take place, do so in a safe and controlled manner. Permits to Work in areas where risks are heightened, including Hot Working, Working with Electricity and Working at Height, must be applied for in advance and all works must be conducted in strict
compliance with the Method Statement submitted in advance. Under no circumstances will works be allowed to proceed without a suitable assessment of risks being made, in accordance with the Management of Health and Safety at Work
Regulations 1999.
Additional Safe Systems of Working Procedures may also be developed where necessary for properties that may be under
the control of Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd, either as Landlords or Occupiers.
Site Safety Register
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd has developed a Site Safety Register for use on all construction sites under their control.
The Site Safety Register provides a practical and systematic way of keeping and maintaining all Permits, Registers and Records required on a construction site. All company operatives should become familiar with the Site Safety Register system to ensure all sites and projects comply with its requirements.
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd is always looking for ways to improve the standards of safety regarding operations. If you have any ideas which could contribute to safety on site, then the Safety Consultant would be pleased to hear from you, or if you feel that Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd is not doing it’s best for you in the area of safety, please do not hesitate to contact the Safety Consultant. You may do this either in person or in writing. Both will be in the strictest confidence.
2.1.6
Employment of Young Persons
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
Young Persons – Definition
A young person means a person who has passed the statutory school leaving date but has not reached the age of 18
years.
Young workers are seen as being particularly at risk because of their possible lack of awareness of existing or potential risk,
due to their immaturity and lack of experience.
Employers are required to:
▪ Assess risks to young people under 18 years of age before they start work;
▪ Take into account their inexperience, lack of awareness of existing or potential risks and immaturity;
▪ Address specific factors within the Risk Assessment;
▪ Provide information to parents/guardians of Young Persons about the risks and the control measures to be
adopted;
▪ Take account of the Risk Assessments and determine whether the young person should be prohibited from certain
work activities except where it is necessary for their training;
▪ Proper supervision is to be provided by a competent person.
In respect of Sub-Contractors employing young persons, information, instruction and training is to be provided prior to
commencement on site, including proof of a Young Persons Risk Assessment having been undertaken.
A register of all young persons employed on site is to be maintained on site with copies supplied to Head Office.
2.1.7
Environmental Policy
The objective of Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd is to run its operations avoiding unnecessary or unacceptable effects on
the environment. Any effects will be minimised as far as practicable. Environmental considerations will be given equal
importance to the more traditional business issues such as production, research, sales, safety and finance.
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd will work towards achieving its environmental objectives by,
▪ Minimising the impact of all its operations on the local and global environment and the quality of life of the local
communities in which Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd operates.
▪ Meeting all relevant statutory regulations.
▪ Maintaining the cleanliness and appearance of premises to the highest practical standards.
▪ Aiming for efficient use of all resources used in its operations and by reduction of waste through process
improvements. Recycling of material is continued wherever feasible and further positive steps are taken to
conserve resources, particularly those that are scarce or non-renewable.
▪ Fully considering, in advance where possible, the environmental effects of any significant new development and
adjust the Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd plans accordingly.
▪ Providing customers with the information necessary to enable our products to be properly used, stored and
disposed of so as to avoid unacceptable effects on the environment.
▪ Working with suppliers to ensure that the products and the services they supply are environmentally acceptable.
▪ Providing the necessary information to enable Employees to operate the processes properly and with minimal
effects on the environment.
Where required, Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd will form an Environmental Plan for the proposed works.
This Policy shall be reviewed and kept up to date by the Director Responsible for Environmental Management, to take into account changes in legislation, reflect changes in the nature and range of activities carried out by Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd and take advantage of operational experience, negative and positive, as often as may be necessary.
For and on behalf of Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd
Michael Spruce
Director Responsible for Environmental Management.
2.1.8
Equal Opportunity Policy
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd acknowledges the desirability of equal opportunities for employment and the observance of the codes of practice as far as it is reasonably practicable.
The intention of the policy is to see that no job applicant or Employee receives less favourable treatment on the grounds of disability, sex, marital status, race, colour, nationality or ethnic or national origins, or is disadvantaged by unreasonable conditions or requirements.
Individuals should be selected, promoted and treated on the grounds of their performance, attitude and abilities. All suitably qualified Employees will be given equal opportunity to progress within the organisation.
All those who come into direct or indirect contact with Employees or applicants for employment should ensure that they
understand this policy and recognise the part they have to play in its fulfilment.
It is the policy of Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd to encourage the employment and career development of disabled
persons. No unnecessary limitations are placed on the type of work that they can perform.
Full and fair consideration will be given to disabled applicants for employment; existing Employees who become disabled will
have the opportunity to re-train and continue in employment wherever possible.
Part Two – Office Procedures
2.2.1
Health & Safety in Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Offices Etc.
Application
If construction work is carried out on Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd offices etc., the construction works must be fenced / barriered off, otherwise the Workplace Regulations, together with the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 will apply. Operational ships, aircraft, trains and road vehicles are also excluded from the Workplace Regulations,
apart from when stationary in the workplace, when precautions against falls, or falling objects, must be taken.
The Workplace Regulations require employers and others in control of workplaces to take measures concerning the
following matters:
Maintenance
The workplace and associated equipment and systems must be maintained in a clean and efficient state, in efficient working
order and in good repair. Maintenance of equipment and systems should be carried out in accordance with manufacturers’ recommendations and authoritative guidance such as that published by the HSE or the British Standards Institution. Where appropriate (e.g., in the case of ventilation systems), maintenance records should be kept.
Ventilation
Where windows or other openings will not provide suitable ventilation, mechanical ventilation systems should be provided
and properly maintained. Detailed advice is given in HSE Guidance Note EH202 Ventilation in the Workplace.
Temperature
The temperature in workrooms must be “reasonable” and where practicable, this should normally be a minimum of 16°C. Where work involves significant physical effort, the temperature should be at least 13°C. If, despite measures to heat or cool a workroom, workers are exposed to temperatures, which do not give reasonable comfort, suitable protective clothing
and rest facilities should be provided. Sufficient suitable thermometers must be readily available to allow workers to check the temperature in the workplace.
Lighting
Natural lighting should be provided, where reasonably practicable; windows and skylights must therefore be kept clean.
Lighting should be sufficient to enable people to work and move safely without visual fatigue. Local lighting should be provided where necessary. Where appropriate, emergency lighting must be provided and maintained. Further guidance is given in HSE booklet HS (G) 38 Lighting at Work.
Cleanliness and Tidiness
Floors, walls and ceilings, together with furnishings must be kept sufficiently clean, the standard of cleanliness depending on the use of the workplace. Absorbent floor surfaces, such as untreated concrete or timber, which are likely to be contaminated by oil, grease, etc., should be sealed or coated, e.g., with suitable non-slip floor paint. Waste, dirt and refuse
should be cleared regularly. Furniture, materials and tools should be placed so that they do not cause people to trip or fall and do not obstruct access or fire escape routes.
Space
Workrooms should have enough space to allow people to move with ease. The total volume of a workroom, when empty, divided by the number of people normally working in it, should be at least 11m3 (in this calculation, a room or part of a room which is more than 3.0m high, should be counted as 3m high). The figure of 11m3 per person may be insufficient if much of
the room is taken up with furniture, etc. This recommended minimum figure does not apply to rooms used for lectures, meetings etc.
Workstations & Seating
Workstations should be arranged so that each task can be carried out safely and comfortably. Seating should, where possible, provide adequate support for the lower back; a footrest should be provided where the foot cannot comfortably be placed flat on the floor. Further guidance on seating is given in HSE booklet HS (G) 57 Seating at Work.
Floors and Traffic Routes
Floors of workplaces and surfaces of passages, staircases, access roads, etc., must be suitable for their intended use and properly maintained. Measures must be taken to reduce the risk of persons slipping, tripping and falling, or of vehicles becoming unstable. Any open side of a staircase should be securely fenced by an upper rail at 950-1000 mm, or higher and a lower rail with no gap bigger than 470mm. A secure and substantial handrail should be fixed on at least one side of every staircase.
Precautions against persons or objects falling
Secure and suitable fencing, guardrails or covers should normally be provided where persons are liable to fall or at any height. Fencing installed after 1 January 1993 should extend to at least 1.10m in height, except where lower fencing has been approved under Building Regulations. Guardrails should consist of a top rail and at least one intermediate rail should
be fixed to prevent persons from falling under the top rail.
Where necessary adequate up stands or toeboards should be fixed to prevent objects falling in compliance with the requirements of the Work at Height Regulations 2005. Where possible, works at height should be avoided or rearranged to reduce risks.
Where it is not reasonably practicable to take measures such as the provision of fencing, guard-rails, etc., to prevent falls, entry to such “danger areas” should be restricted to authorised persons who have received adequate information, instruction and training on any appropriate safe system of work. In certain situations a Permit-to-Work system will be appropriate. The provision of safety nets or personal protective equipment, such as safety harnesses, may be necessary.
Ladders
Fixed ladders, which include steep stairways (which are descended facing the treads or rungs), should extend at least 1.10m above any landing place that is served. Fixed ladders installed after 31 December 1992, with a vertical height of more than 6m, should have a suitable resting place every 6m. Floor openings for ladders should be as small as possible, with fencing and a gate provided where necessary to prevent falls.
The use of ladders should only be undertaken following an assessment of risk justifying their use. This risk must be issued to the relevant Estate/Property/Site Manager, and the Client Safety Officer where requested. Ladders should conform to BS
4211 Specification for ladders for permanent access and BS 5395 Code of Practice for the design of industrial type stairs,
permanent ladders and walkways.
Roof Work
Where any access is needed to roofs, suitable fixed, safe means of access should be provided.
Stacking and Racking
Materials should be stacked and stored in such a way that they are not likely to fall and cause injury. Racking should be of adequate strength and stability.
Loading and Unloading Vehicles
Climbing on top of vehicles or their loads should not be undertaken until suitable fall protection has been installed.
Doors and Gates
Doors and gates, which swing in both directions, should have a transparent panel. On main traffic routes, all doors should be fitted with such panels. Power operated doors and gates must have appropriate safety features to prevent injury to persons where it is possible to be struck by them.
Traffic Routes
Traffic routes must allow the safe movement of persons and vehicles within the workplace and when entering or leaving it.
Appropriate measures may include: clearly marked separate routes for pedestrians and vehicles; fitting reversing alarms to vehicles; appointment of a banksperson to supervise safe movement of vehicles; display warning signs to alert drivers to restrictions in force; setting speed limits for vehicles and installing road humps; warning indication of height limitations or
obstructions; use of one-way systems for vehicles; wearing of high visibility clothing.
Sanitary Conveniences and Washing Facilities
Suitable and sufficient facilities must be provided for the maximum number of persons likely to be at work in a workplace at any one time. Facilities should be available for use without undue delay and account should be taken, therefore, of the pattern of work. Account should also be taken of the type of work involved; washbasins, with running hot and cold, or warm
water, must always be provided but, in some cases, the provision of showers and/or baths may be appropriate.
Drinking Water
An adequate supply of wholesome drinking water must be provided, together with suitable cups, etc., unless the supply is from a drinking fountain. There should also be facilities for washing cups, or alternatively, disposable cups should be provided. Drinking water supplies should be clearly marked as such if there is any risk to people drinking from contaminated
supplies.
Accommodation for clothing and changing
Suitable and sufficient accommodation must be provided for any special work clothing and for personal clothing, which is not
worn at work. Clothing should be able to be hung in a clean, warm, dry and well-ventilated place, with at least a separate hook, peg or hanger for each worker. Where workers are required to wear special work clothing, adequate room for changing should be provided and measures should be taken to ensure security, for example by providing lockers.
Facilities for rest and meals
Suitable seats should be provided for workers whose work gives them opportunities to sit. Seats should also be provided for use during breaks; such seats should be in an area where protective equipment, such as hearing protection, need not be worn.
Other than in offices, or similar clean workplaces, separate rest areas or, in new workplaces, separate rest rooms, should be provided. Rest facilities should be arranged so those non-smokers are not subjected to discomfort from tobacco smoke.
Suitable and sufficient facilities for eating meals should be provided where workers regularly eat meals at work.
Seats in work areas may be suitable, provided they are in a clean place and there is a suitable surface on which to place food. Minimum facilities should include a means of preparing or obtaining a hot drink and, where necessary, means of heating food. Eating facilities should be kept clean and be in the charge of a responsible person.
Further Information
An Approved Code of Practice supports these Regulations. Further information is contained in HSE booklet L24 Workplace Health, Safety and Welfare, which contains the full text of the Regulations, the Approved Code of Practice and detailed guidance.
2.2.2
Health & Safety (Display Screen Equipment)
Possible hazards associated with the use of Display Screen Equipment (DSE) are mainly those leading to musculoskeletal problems, visual fatigue and stress. The likelihood of experiencing any of these problems is remote and usually related to duration and intensity of the use of DSE, combined with the ergonomic factors of the workstation and the environment in
which it is situated The Regulations apply only to the protection of Employees who are ‘users’ as defined by the Regulations. A ‘user’ means
an Employee who habitually uses DSE as a significant part of normal work, whether at his/her own employer’s workstation, at another employer’s workstation, or at a workstation at home.
Whether an Employee is a ‘user’ depends on a number of factors, which will indicate whether he/she habitually uses DSE as a significant part of normal work. In a construction setting, the user will normally be found as a personal secretary in a head or site office environment, in a secretarial pool, as a data input operator, or using computer-aided design equipment in
a design office.
Risk Assessment
The Regulations require a Risk Assessment (analysis) of all workstations used by ‘users’ as defined, or by ‘operators’ who are essentially self-employed ‘users’. If the workstation is modified or changed in any way, the Risk Assessment must be reviewed. In all circumstances, the risk identified by the assessment, or by a review, must be reduced to the lowest extent reasonably practicable. A workstation comprises the display screen, keyboard or other inputting device such as a mouse, optical accessories to the screen equipment, disk drive, telephone, modem, printer, document holder, work chair, work
desk, work surface and the immediate work environment.
A detailed schedule to the Regulations sets out the minimum requirements for workstations. It covers the essential characteristics of the workstation itself and environmental conditions including space, lighting, reflection, glare, noise, heat, radiation and humidity. It incorporates a number of principles on designing, selecting, commissioning and modifying software and in designing tasks using DSE.
Risk Assessments should draw on the experience of ‘users’ and an ergonomic checklist based on the schedule to the Regulations can be useful for this purpose. In complex situations, task analysis may be required. In most cases in construction, health and safety personnel or line managers with sufficient training should be able to carry out the assessments. Persons sufficiently qualified in ergonomic principles and practice should give training.
All Risk Assessments and reviews should be recorded, as a basis for acting on risks identified and for future reference.
Such records provide valuable evidence in the event of upper limb disorders or any other health problems arising.
Information and Training
The DSE Regulations require training and information to be given to users and operators. The purpose of training is to increase the users competence to use workstation equipment safely, adding to the general health and safety training that they should have already received. Further training should be given if the workstation, software, environment or job is
modified. The curriculum should include hazard recognition, nature of risk to the musculoskeletal system (in particular risks leading to fatigue and pain) and the essentials of remedial action.
Users should understand how to adjust furniture and equipment and deploy workstation components so as to achieve correct posture and reduce stress. They should also understand the need to regularly clean and inspect equipment and the importance of making use of breaks and changes of activity.
Specific information on hazards associated with DSE must be given to users and operators in parallel with the requirements of the training curriculum. An emphasis should be placed on the application of ergonomic principles in design, selection and installation of DSE so as to reduce bodily fatigue, stress and temporarily impaired vision.
Sight tests
Employers must provide eyesight tests to Employees who are DSE ‘users’ if they request them. In effect, this means a “sight test” as defined in the Opticians Act and includes a test of vision and an examination of the eye. Users who request sight tests should be offered an examination by a registered ophthalmic optician (optometrist) or a registered medical
practitioner. Although entitled to do so, a medical practitioner will not normally carry out such tests unless he has an ophthalmic qualification.
Some companies rely on vision screening tests to identify individuals with defective vision. These are not designed to identify eye disease in the same way as a full sight test and employers must provide sight tests if users request them. If the tests indicate a possibility of eye injury or disease, the user will be referred for ophthalmologic examination, which is free under the NHS.
If the sight tests indicate that a ‘user’ needs ‘special corrective appliances’ (spectacles), as distinct from their normal spectacles, to overcome vision defects at the specific viewing distances recommended by the guidance to the Regulations, they must be provided by the employer free of charge. However, he is only obliged to provide basic spectacles, which are
adequate for the purpose.
If users choose more expensive spectacles, they must pay the difference in cost between the basic ones and those of their choice. If a user’s normal corrective spectacles are adequate for safe use at their DSE, the employer is not responsible for the provision of additional spectacles.
Part Three – Construction Procedures
2.3.1
Abrasive Wheels
All grinding machines whether permanently installed or of the portable type, must comply with The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998. The use of abrasive wheels must be the subject of Risk Assessment, to ensure that any risk to safety or health is reduced to an acceptable level. And must only be used for tasks and under conditions for which they are suitable.
Abrasive wheels are at risk of bursting if they are operated outside the specified maximum rotation speed. In order to avoid bursting the correct wheel must be used with regard to its type, size and speed.
Every abrasive wheel, which is large enough, must be clearly marked with its maximum rotation speed. If the wheel is too small to be marked in this way, there should be a notice fixed in the workroom, giving the individual or class maximum permissible rotation speed. The machine must also be clearly marked with the (RPM) of the power-driven spindle. Lower speed rated wheels must not be mounted on a faster speed rated spindle and the spindle should be governed so that it cannot overspeed.
Workers who use abrasive wheels must be provided with adequate information, instructions and training in their correct handling and mounting (including pre-mounting and storage procedures). The person must be appointed in writing and be certificated as proof of training. A copy of the certificate must be given to the trainee and one kept available for inspection in the workplace. If the person is or will be regularly employed by Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd , a copy of the certificate should be sent to the Head Office ‘Safety Training File’. Even if all the above precautions to prevent bursting are taken, abrasive wheels must also be provided with guarding
capable of containing any flying fragments of the wheel should bursting occur, to avoid them inflicting injury on any person.
The guards have the additional role of preventing injury from coming into contact with any dangerous parts of the equipment.
When operating an Abrasive Wheel machine ensure that other persons are not put at any risk. Operate abrasive wheel machines away from other persons where possible, or adequately shield off possible danger areas. Do not use them in access-ways, near doorways or in a ‘No Naked Flame’ area. Take dust control measures if required.
Personal Protective Equipment
Persons operating an Abrasive Wheel machine must wear the recommended form of protection, as determined by the Risk Assessment and depending upon the circumstances, box goggles or face-shield to (BS EN 166,167 & 168) Grade 1 impact.
Aside the wearing of goggles/face-shields, operators of Abrasive Wheel machines should wear safety footwear, gloves, overalls and dust masks. If noise levels exceed the permissible levels set in the Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005, ear protection will be required.
2.3.2
Asbestos Policy
The objective of this Policy is to prevent any harmful asbestos exposure to Employees and any other persons who could be affected by Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd operations where asbestos is present. Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd has a duty not only to Employees, but also to any Client’s Employees, other Contractors Employees, occupiers of the site being
worked on, visitors, neighbours and any other persons who could be affected by operations that involve disturbing or working with asbestos.
Introduction
It is well known that exposure to asbestos dust can result in asbestosis, a disease of the lungs due to the inhalation of asbestos particles. Lung Cancer, Mesothelioma Cancer and Laryngeal Cancer are other diseases that can be suffered from after contact with asbestos dust.
The three main types of asbestos used/found are: –
CHRYSOTILE – commonly known as ‘white’ asbestos.
CROCIDOLITE – commonly known as ‘blue’ asbestos.
AMOSITE and MYSORITE – commonly known as ‘brown’ asbestos.
NOTE: – Colour must not be relied upon for positive identification.
Crocidolite ‘blue’, Amosite and Mysorite ‘brown’ asbestos is prohibited in the manufacture of new materials under The Asbestos (Prohibitions) Regulations 1992 but is still to be found in many old buildings and plant prior to 1978.
Please note that there can be no guarantee that ‘blue’ and ‘brown’ asbestos will not be found in more recent applications.
If asbestos is found or suspected at the workplace where it is likely to be disturbed, then it must be analysed. This will determine the type of asbestos present. Once the type of asbestos has been determined, all necessary precautionary arrangements can be made.
Asbestos can be found blended with cement and similar materials. It has been widely used as building materials such as roof sheets and pipes. In combination with calcium silicate and magnesia, it forms a thermal insulation material for boilers, steam pipes and similar applications. Asbestos-based compounds have in the past been applied by spray techniques to
provide fire-resistance to walls and ceilings. Only properly trained and competent persons are allowed to disturb or work with asbestos. Companies must be Licensed Contractors when working with ‘Brown’ – Amosite or Mysorite, or ‘Blue’ – Crocidolite asbestos.
Compliance with Safety Standards
Works in connection with Asbestos must be carried out in accordance with all current Asbestos Regulations, Approved Codes of Practices and British Standards.
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Management have the responsibility to ensure that all persons are protected from harmful asbestos exposure. All Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Employees are required to be made aware of all necessary precautionary measures and controls related to work, which may disturb asbestos. It is the duty of Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Management to ensure that Employees, who may be required to work in areas where asbestos could be present, receive Safety Awareness Training for asbestos. Prior to a Contract starting where asbestos is present, Aztec
Construction Midlands Ltd Employees must receive a Safety Induction specific to the asbestos precautionary measures and controls necessary for site operations.
This would include reviewing the Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd asbestos procedures and existing documentation, i.e., Policy’s, Survey Reports, Drawings and instant notification procedures. Induction will also include details of the Risk Assessment and Safe Method of Work Statement for asbestos related works specific to the Contract. Prior to a Project
starting, Managers should check that all requirements would be complied with regarding asbestos procedures for precautionary measures and controls that Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd has to comply with.
Information Required Prior to Commencement
Liaison with the Duty holder as defined within the Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012 would be made prior to commencing any works. This would allow review of the assessment made on the subject premises and any such surveys, reports or findings (contained within the “Plan”) as to the presence of asbestos containing materials. From this review, an assessment of risk can be conducted.
The Project Surveyor should ensure that all necessary information regarding asbestos is obtained from the Design Team prior to work being carried out which could give rise to harmful asbestos exposure, i.e., Client’s Asbestos Policy, Asbestos Surveys and Reports, Drawings showing where asbestos is present and Incident Records, etc. The Project Surveyor should
also set a monitoring procedure to ensure that all asbestos precautionary measures and controls are complied with.
Vetting Licensed Contractors
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Managers involved in Projects which could involve harmful asbestos exposure are required to check that Licensed Contractors safety arrangements are in order, i.e., their License details, the training records of Employees carrying out the work on site, the service records of equipment that will be used on site, particularly the function tests and that equipment that will be supplied to site will be clean and free from asbestos contamination, waste arrangements and records and their past accidental asbestos exposure incidents records.
Emergency arrangements for Employees
In the event of an asbestos incident where asbestos is suspected to be present in a location where it has not been identified, or asbestos exposure may have occurred, or non-compliance with asbestos controls etc. need to be reported, the Site Manager must be informed immediately for further advice and to ensure full compliance with any emergency procedures.
For further guidance on action to be taken in the event of asbestos being found or suspected contact the company Safety Consultant, Aware Safety Ltd immediately and do not disturb the material.
Asbestos References
The Health and Safety At Work Etc., Act 1974.
The Control of Pollution Act 1974.
The Hazardous Waste (England and Wales) (Amendment) Regulations 2009
The Asbestos (Licensing) Regulations 1983.
The Asbestos (Prohibitions) Regulations 1992.
The Control of Asbestos Regulations 2012
The Personal Protective Equipment (EC Directive) Regulations 1992.
2.3.3
Confined Spaces
The Confined Spaces Regulations 1997 and the Approved Code of Practice cover work associated with confined spaces.
These impose duties on both employers and the self-employed
For the purpose of safety, the term ‘confined spaces’ covers a great variety of workplaces that, because of their enclosed nature, have associated reasonably foreseeable ‘specified risks’.
The Regulations define these ‘specified risks’ as a risk to a worker of:
▪ Serious injury due to a fire or explosion.
▪ Loss of consciousness because of increase in body temperature.
▪ Loss of consciousness because of exposure to gas, fumes, vapour or lack of oxygen.
▪ Drowning because an increase in the level of liquid.
▪ Asphyxiation because of the presence of a free flowing solid.
The hazards associated with confined spaces arise through a combination of their confined nature and the possible
presence of substances or conditions. These are as follows:
▪ Flammable substances and oxygen enrichment.
▪ Toxic gases, fumes or vapours.
▪ Oxygen deficiency.
▪ The ingress or presence of liquids.
▪ Free-flowing solid materials.
▪ Presence of excessive heat.
The Confined Spaces Regulations require that where it is reasonably practicable to do so, entry into a confined space is avoided. This can be achieved by making the work in the confined space unnecessary or finding a way that the work can be carried out from outside the confined space. Where entry into a confined space is unavoidable, a competent person must carry out a Risk Assessment to assess the risks connected with entering the space and develop a safe working method that eliminates or reduces the risks to an acceptable level.
The main elements to consider when designing a confined spaces safe working method, which may form the basis of a permit-to-work system, are as follows:
▪ Supervision.
▪ Worker training and competence.
▪ Communications.
▪ Atmosphere testing and monitoring.
▪ Gas purging and removal of residues, ventilation and cooling.
▪ Isolation from gases, liquids & other flowing materials, mechanical and electrical equipment.
▪ Selection and use of suitable work equipment and personal protective equipment.
▪ Location of portable gas cylinders and internal combustion engines.
▪ Safeguards where pipes and hoses supply gas.
▪ Safe access and egress arrangements.
▪ Fire and explosion prevention.
▪ Lighting.
▪ Eliminating sources of ignition.
▪ Emergencies and rescue.
▪ Limiting working time.
2.3.4
Control of Substances Hazardous to Health
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd has a duty of care to their Employees and others when their operations involve the use of substances that could be hazardous to health and to comply with the requirements of the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002.
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Management have a responsibility to carry out a COSHH, Assessment for substances that could be hazardous to health and to have in place a management system for checking that the control measures required are in order.
The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 defines in general and specific terms how Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd is expected to safely manage the use of potentially harmful substances. The Regulations are structured to describe a management strategy.
- a) Assess the hazards and risks to health.
- b) Implement a control programme.
- c) Ensure that controls are being used properly and maintained.
- d) Where necessary, monitor the control measures.
- e) Where necessary, measure workers exposure.
- f) Where necessary, carry out medical surveillance.
- g) Inform, instruct and train persons likely to be affected about the risks and precautions.
- h) The keeping of records.
- i) All suppliers and Sub-Contractors must provide full COSHH information on any hazards associated with equipment or materials supplied to Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd . This information must be passed to the
relevant supervision for assessment before potentially hazardous equipment and materials are used. Persons specifying and responsible for purchasing materials and substances to be used are also responsible for ensuring
adequate information on the products is obtained and communicated to all relevant parties.
j)The Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Head Office product data sheets and the COSHH files are to be kept in order (up-to-date) by an appointed Manager.
k)A stock of or individually issued protective clothing and safety equipment are to be provided when and where required.
l)Materials and equipment delivered to the Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd premises or work areas are/is to be stacked and stored in a position/manner, which does not create a hazard.
2.3.5
Environmental Planning
Where Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd conduct works, which may have an effect on the environment, careful planning will be implemented to reduce the risk of pollution. Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd recognise most pollution incidents are avoidable, and the measures to avoid pollution can in most instances cost very little if included at the planning stage.
Where planning works, it may be suitable to prepare an Environmental Plan, which will accompany the Site Health and Safety Plan, and provide guidance on reducing the impact of works on the surrounding areas, nearby watercourses and the environmental as a whole. In addition, Specialist Consultants may be appointed to assist with environmental issues during
the concept and design phases.
The following topics should be considered in the preparation of an Environmental Plan:
External Aspects
Aesthetic Appearance – including hoarding, fencing, signage and lighting from an external perspective Vehicle & Pedestrian Access & Egress – including potential for separation, routing through neighbourhood, signage, lighting, barriers, etc.
Vehicle Cleaning (Mud) & Movement – wheel washing requirement, location, water supply, site speed limits, concrete truck wash down point, road cleaning etc.
Existing Environment
Natural – location of streams & open watercourses, ground contours & water run off route, water table, wildlife, trees, existing ground contamination etc.
Man-Made – location(s) of neighbours, schools, established pedestrian & vehicle routes, roads & junctions, traffic lights, pedestrian crossings, phone boxes, bus stops etc.
Existing Services – sewers, drains, electric cables, overhead power lines, underground services, power cables, telecommunications, gas, water, cable TV etc.
Internal Aspects
Effluent Discharges – temporary sewer connections, septic tank requirement, wheel wash discharge, canteen grease trap, wastewater discharges from site processes, dewatering discharge control and filtration, etc. Discharge Permit requirement?
Noise Control – contractual constraints, major plant usage and location, special condition(s) in package tender documentation and anticipated daily working hours.
Dust Suppression – dusty operations (fire spray etc.), soil condition, water treatment options, enclosure measures etc.
Waste Control – ‘special or hazardous’ or unusual waste expectations and regulatory controls, potential for waste separation on site, on site burning / etc.
Public Protection
Hazards to members of the public – protective measures such as crash barriers, safety netting, fans, covered walkways & tunnels etc.
Lighting Levels – access routers, load & unload areas, impact of site lighting outside the perimeter line.
2.3.6
Excavations
Any Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd works in connection with excavations will be carried out in compliance with following legislation:
▪ The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
▪ The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998
▪ The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998
▪ The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015
▪ The Work at Height Regulations 2005
▪ The Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005
▪ The Control of Noise at Regulations 2005
▪ Approved Codes of Practice.
Excavations can impose risks not only to persons working in an excavation, but also to persons nearby, for example: other site workers, plant operators, site traffic, general public, road traffic etc. All excavations should be clearly highlighted. Red and white bunting/tape should be erected at a safe distance from the excavation edges and ‘Danger – Excavations’ signs
should be displayed. Where there could be a risk to the general public, i.e., children, secure fencing/hoarding must be erected around the excavations.
Supports
All excavation sides must be adequately supported, or the sides of the excavation battered to a safe angle. The type of supports and method of support will vary depending on the ground condition, nature of work to be carried out in and around the excavation and the environmental conditions etc. Whatever system of support adopted for an excavation, must provide
adequate protection preventing the sides of an excavation giving way. When battering, the sides of an excavation must be cut back to a safe angle so that it would not be possible for the excavation sides to give way. All support materials must be checked to ensure they are adequate and in good condition.
Guard-rails
Guardrails are required to be erected wherever it is possible for someone to fall into an excavation. The height of the top guardrail should not be less than 950 mm above any edge from which persons are liable to fall. An intermediate guardrail or other substantial barriers should be fitted between the top guardrail and the toeboard; the vertical gaps should not exceed
470 mm. The guardrail should be rigid enough not to give way should someone fall or lean against them. Guardrails can
only be removed from where it could be possible for someone to fall, if the guardrails themselves become an unsafe obstruction or if it is reasonably not practicable to carry out the works with the guardrails in place. In these cases, other forms of protecting persons from falling will have to be employed.
Toeboards
Toeboards are required at the top edges of excavations where it could be possible for materials/equipment to fall into the excavations putting persons working in the trench at risk. The height of the toeboards must be at least 150 mm above the ground level without gaps between them, and then the supports would act as sufficient toe boarding.
Spoil heaps
Spoil heaps must be kept at a safe distance from the edges of excavations so that spoil heaps do not impose additional loading on the excavation sides and so that unobstructed safe access can be maintained on all sides of excavations.
Inspections of excavations
A competent person, who fully understands the dangers and necessary precautions, should inspect the excavations at the start of each shift. Excavations should also be inspected after any event that may have affected their strength or stability, or after a fall of rock or earth. In addition, excavations that remain open for more than seven days should be inspected weekly.
Any faults found should be rectified immediately. A record should be kept of all inspections.
Underground Services Precautions
Ensure that all appropriate Service Drawings where works are to be carried out are carefully inspected and any queries should be discussed with the appropriate Services providers, i.e., Gas Board, Electric Company, Water Company, etc. All known underground services in the vicinity of the works should be trial holed in advance of the works and clearly marked
- This work should be a hand dig operation, hand tools only. Plant and Mechanical tools must not be used. Only experienced and competent personnel should carry out this work.
The line of the excavation works should always be checked before the excavation works are carried out for underground services:
▪ Using an underground cable detector, i.e., CAT.
▪ Viewing of work surfaces, i.e., roads, pavements and fields, etc., where excavation works and laying of services
may have been carried out before. Look for differences in tarmac, paving slabs and topsoil and/or plant growth etc.
▪ Check the lines and locations of services access covers.
▪ Take note of the development history of the area of works and if necessary, check them out.
▪ No mechanical plant or power tools should be used to excavate excavations within 1 metre of underground services.
Underground services should be adequately protected from possible damage i.e.
▪ When laying the pipes in position.
▪ When lifting/lowering support boxes.
▪ Adequately supporting services that are exposed by excavations etc.
All personnel on site should be made aware of underground services where they could be a potential hazard to them. The Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Safety Officer/Consultant should be consulted whenever underground services precautions cannot be adhered to, for whatever reason, before the work is carried out for further advice.
Further Guidance on underground services precautions are given in HS(G) 47 Avoiding Danger from Underground Services.
Permit to Dig
A Permit to Dig system is operated by the company, through the Site Safety Register. This will require completing prior to the commencement of any excavation on any site where the Site Safety Register is in use.
Information required for the Permit to Dig will include the following:
▪ location of the excavation;
▪ the purpose of the excavation;
▪ the proposed depth;
▪ method of excavation and trench support specification;
▪ date and time of excavation;
▪ overhead cables;
▪ underground cable information.
2.3.7
Falsework
Falsework is any temporary structure used to support a permanent structure during its erection and until it becomes selfsupporting.
This definition applies not only to in-situ concrete construction, but also to precast concrete structures, structural steel erection, and even such items as brick arches, etc. Indeed, any construction method where the permanent structure may have a period of instability, requiring support in the erection process.
Legislation
The stability of falsework, including its erection and dismantling, is covered by the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015. Other Regulations will also apply where the falsework provides a means of access and/or a place of work. The design phase of the falsework is also subject to the requirements of the Construction (Design and Management)
Regulations 2015. In addition, any equipment used on falsework will be covered by the Provision and Use of Work
Equipment Regulations 1998 and the Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998.
Standard solutions to support methods are given in section 8 of BS 5975 – Code of practice for temporary works procedures and the permissible stress design of falsework. However, unless the job falls within the limitations of the particular standard solution, further design will be required.
Causes of failure
Whatever category the work falls into, it is generally accepted by competent authorities that the causes of failure in falsework such as collapses fall into a number of well-defined areas:
▪ Incorrect estimation of loads to be supported.
▪ Design error or loading programme changes after design completed.
▪ Inadequate detailing and/or execution of points of load transference.
▪ Inadequate horizontal lacing and diagonal bracing to resist lateral loads.
▪ Inadequate foundations.
Within the scope of the above, it must be recognised that failure often does not result from one specific error or inadequacy.
More likely it will be due to an accumulation of errors, not in themselves critical, which combine to erode the factor of safety
to the point where failure occurs.
Formality of procedures
The duties and responsibilities of each party involved with the design,materials, erection, dismantling and use of falsework
should be clearly defined. BS 5975 also recommends that the main items for which responsibility should be established are:
▪ the design brief (see clause 2.3 and 6.2 of the code);
▪ the concept of the scheme;
▪ the design, drawing out and specification of the falsework;
▪ the adequacy of the materials used;
▪ the control of erection and dismantling on site, including maintenance;
▪ the checking of design and construction operations;
▪ the issue of formal permission to load and dismantle the falsework (see clause 2.8)
To do so, appropriate procedures need to be established by management and arrangements adopted which are designed to suit the nature of the falsework and the construction organisation(s) concerned. Once responsibility is established, it is equally important that the individuals concerned do not work in isolation. BS 5975 therefore, recommends that a “Falsework Co-coordinator” should be appointed to co-ordinate the activities of all concerned to ensure the works are brought to a safe
conclusion.
Erection and construction
Checking and inspection by competent supervision should be a continuous process, starting with the materials to be used, the foundations, and progressive inspection and checks as the structure is erected. Leaving such checks until the falsework is complete is useless. Errors in materials used, the foundations and the lower parts of the structure, will be impossible to
correct without dismantling. Each level of site supervision should be made fully aware of their responsibilities in this respect.
In order that those charged with the responsibility for inspection and checking can operate effectively they should be
provided with:
▪ Copies of all detailed erection drawings, and are familiar with them;
▪ alternatively, where appropriate, the necessary standard details;
▪ aide memoirs, in the form of check lists, to ensure that all relevant matters are dealt with.
Such checklists will have greater value if they can be made as visual as possible. Examples can be made available from the
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Safety Consultant, on request.
Legislation
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015
Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998
Approved Codes of Practice
L22 Safe use of work equipment ACOP and guidance
L113 Safe use of lifting equipment ACOP and guidance
British Standards
BS 5975 Code of practice for falsework
BS 5973 Code of practice for access and working scaffolding and special scaffold structures in steel.
2.3.8
Fire Precautions on Site
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd will undertake all their operations in accordance with the Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order. This is to provide a risk-based approach to fire safety, and the implementation of the requirements of this Order will become the responsibility of the Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Health and Safety Director with the assistance of Aware Safety Ltd.
Fire Precautions
The objective of fire precautions is the protection of life, avoidance of damage to property, plant and processes from fire.
Fires should only be tackled providing there is no risk of danger to you.
Common causes of fire are:
▪ Malicious ignition (including by children).
▪ Carelessness in smoking or with lighted matches.
▪ Faulty or misused heating equipment.
▪ Incorrect storage and careless use of flammable liquids.
▪ Electrical faults.
▪ Careless use of cutting/welding equipment.
All site works are to have established, prior to the commencement of works, the following arrangements:
▪ A fire safety plan is required to identify the controls required to eliminate or control the risk of fire on the site.
▪ All hot works are to be undertaken in compliance with the Site hot works permit system.
▪ An effective regime to prevent fires by management controls.
▪ Means to detect heat or smoke and give warning of fire (fire alarm).
▪ An effective evacuation plan – fire drills should be established and performed on a regular basis.
▪ Adequate means of escape and the displaying of emergency fire exit signs and lighting where appropriate.
▪ How to use fire-fighting equipment (fire alarms/extinguishers etc.).
▪ Effective communications with the emergency services (obtain an outside line) and telephone 999 and ask for the Fire Brigade and the Ambulance Service if someone has been injured. The emergency services should be
contacted as soon as possible in the event of a fire occurring.
▪ A fire plan of the premises (display in areas where emergency exits may not be obvious, or where alternative emergency exits could be an advantage).
▪ All persons are required to sign in and out of the premises. A register for Employees and a visitors book for visitors.
▪ All persons at risk must be able to evacuate areas, which could be affected by a fire, immediately.
Fire Check List
(i) Suitable management controls should be implemented to control high-risk hot works such as welding, grinding or any other naked flame work.
(ii) The storage of combustible materials and substances within the building should be strictly controlled to prevent any excessive fire loading being present.
(iii) Suitable smoking controls shall be implemented by management to ensure discarded cigarettes do not present a risk of starting fires.
(iv) Fire Exit, Stairs, Corridors, Access ways and Entrances must be kept free from obstruction and of items that could give rise to a fire.
(v) The storage of materials/gases and chemicals etc. must be kept in a proper manner in accordance with Regulations and Codes of Practices.
(vi) Adequate fire fighting equipment should be made available. Appropriate fire extinguishers etc., should be located where required in well marked fire point areas.
(vii) Fire fighting equipment must be kept in the correct location and maintained in good working order and regularly checked by a competent person.
(viii) Internal fire doors must be kept closed to prevent the spread of fire and smoke.
(ix) Fire signs must be displayed where required.
(x) Fire plans must be displayed in appropriate places in the premises.
(xi) All equipment that could give potential rise to a fire should be properly installed and maintained, e.g., Boilers, Heaters, Cookers, and Electrical Equipment etc.
(xii) Waste should not be allowed to accumulate in Offices, Workshops, Warehouse, Yard and Store areas.
(xiii) Are separate metal waste containers supplied for each of the following? Oily rags, paint rags, paint scrapings, waste flammable liquids and off-cuts.
2.3.9
Gas and Electrical Services
The design and installation of site electrical power systems is a matter for specialists. The competence of an Electrician or an Electrical Contractor must be checked before electrical works start on site. They should be members of at least one of the following: The Electrical Contractors Association; Chartered Electrical Engineers; National Inspection Council for Electrical Installation Contracting.
Statutory Regulations
Statutory Regulations to be complied with are The Electricity At Work Regulations 1989 which came into force on the 1st April 1990 and The Electricity Supply Regulations 1988. The BS 7671: Requirements for Electrical Installation (referred to as IEE Regulations, 17th Edition) are not statutory regulations, except in Scotland.
They are issued by the Institution of Electrical Engineers and are designed to provide for the safety of electrical installationsin and about buildings generally. Compliance with the IEE Regulations will, in general, satisfy the requirements of the Electricity At Work Regulations, the Electricity Supply Regulations and the Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations.
These Regulations apply to all electrical equipment and systems and require that such installations must not give rise to danger; should be suitably insulated and protected and provide for the installation to be isolated, or cut off, or the current reduced in the event of a fault. The Regulations also require equipment and installations to be properly identified and
labelled.
The Regulations create duties for employers, the self-employed and Employees and cover all aspects of electrical work, requiring that persons who work with electricity are competent. To be considered competent, a person must have:
▪ Adequate knowledge of electricity;
▪ Good experience of electrical work;
▪ An understanding of the system being worked on;
▪ Practical experience of that type of system;
▪ Knowledge of the hazards that might arise and the precautions that need to be taken;
▪ The ability to immediately recognise unsafe situations.
General electricity demands for sites
▪ Plant; 415v 3 Phase.
▪ Portable Tools; 110v Single and 3 Phase.
▪ General Site Lighting; 110v Single Phase.
▪ Site Huts; 240v Single Phase.
Procedures where working with Electricity
▪ Before work starts on site contact the local Electricity Company and the Client to obtain all appropriate Service Drawings and advice regarding existing services.
▪ Existing services should be made dead where dangers could arise from the electric due to building operations. It is
now illegal to work on live electrical systems unless there is no other way in which work can be done.
▪ All appropriate warning notices/signs should be displayed on live equipment/cables.
▪ Electrical equipment/cables should not be sited where it could be a hazard or be damaged.
▪ Electrical equipment/cables should be checked regularly to ensure that it is maintained in good order. All electrical
equipment found not in good order, must be taken out of service immediately.
▪ Where a high voltage is taken, the user must provide adequate substation facilities and appoint trained duty
holders to operate the equipment and supervise it’s maintenance, alteration, repair or extension as may be necessary. Safe systems of work must be adopted and these will usually include the use of permit to work
procedures.
Working with Gas
Most gas escape reports stem from the detection of a concentration of gas by smell. The degree of smell is no indication of the seriousness of a gas escape and all such complaints must be treated with urgency. A person with a normal sense ofsmell can usually detect a 0.1% level of gas-in-air mixture in a room, but only upon immediately entering the room from
outdoors. If a person is already in the room when gas is introduced, considerably higher levels can build up before detection. This is due to the fact that people exposed to the smell for any length of time tend not to notice it.
Where a gas escape is suspected, the initial steps are to turn off the gas emergency control valve immediately, eliminate all sources of ignition in a safe manner; do not operate electrical lights or switches either ‘on’ or ‘off’ and contact the gas supplier if the smell of gas persists. Obviously, whenever in doubt, get everybody out.
If no escape can be found on the installation or appliances even though the smell of gas had ceased after the emergency control was isolated, the gas supplier is to be contacted to confirm the soundness of their pipe work and equipment.
Consideration must be given to the possibility of the smell of gas coming from appliances operating incorrectly or coming from adjacent properties. Further investigation would be required.
Before an appliance can be marketed by a manufacturer it must first have been tested by a recognised testing authority, called a ‘Notified Body’. Initially in the UK there will be three Notified Bodies for gas appliances:
- a) British Gas plc / Cadent;
- b) Calor Gas;
- c) British Standards Institution.
Appliances must be quality guaranteed, this means that during the manufacturing process the manufacturer must operate a
quality scheme of some type, such as British Standard 5750, to ensure that all appliances conform to the tested design. All appliances that conform to the previous points will carry a CE mark issued by the Notified Bodies.
Damage to Services
Electrical Cables
Should any electrical cables be damaged, everyone in the vicinity must evacuate the area immediately and position himself or herself so that no one can approach the damaged cable. Management should then be notified so that they can inform the Local Electricity Company to deal with the matter.
Gas Mains
▪ In the event of the presence of gas being detected during operations, either as a result of damage to gas mains or for any other reason, the following emergency action must be taken immediately:
▪ The person in charge must order immediate cessation of work and clear all Employees and personnel from the area of possible danger.
▪ Employees should be stationed at a safe distance to prevent the general public from entering the affected area and to warn against smoking and the presence of naked lights. Barriers and signs should be erected whenever
possible.
▪ All machines, excavators, compressors, dumpers, pumps, etc., in the area, must be switched off immediately and left standing. Naked lights and fires must be extinguished.
▪ Notification of an escape of gas and precise details of the location must be conveyed immediately to the Management who will arrange for the local Distribution Superintendent of the Gas Company to be informed.
▪ The Site Manager/Contract Supervisor should remain on the scene in order to ensure that the area is kept clear until the arrival of the Gas Company Employees and officials.
▪ The Gas Company will make arrangements if Police assistance is required but this should not deter Site Management from requesting Police assistance at the outset if the situation is considered sufficiently serious.
Other Services
Should any other services be damaged, i.e., British Telecommunications cables, sewers etc, Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd management must be notified immediately.
Portable Appliance Testing (PAT)
In view of the risks from damaged or faulty electrical equipment, an appropriate maintenance system should be set up. It is also important that equipment is regularly serviced in accordance with Manufacturer’s instructions.
Users should carry visual checks out daily and competent persons should carry out formal inspections at regular intervals.
These checks and inspections should ensure that:
▪ Bare wires are not visible and the cable covering is not damaged;
▪ The plug is in good condition;
▪ There are no taped or other non-standard joints in the cable;
▪ The cable covering is gripped where it enters the plug or equipment;
▪ The outer casing of the equipment is not damaged or loose;
▪ There are no signs of overheating on the plug, cable or equipment;
▪ Residual Current Devices (RCDs) are working correctly (the test button should be pressed daily);
Testing by a competent person can detect faults such as loss of earth continuity, deterioration of the insulation and internal or external contamination by dust, water, etc.
The table below gives guidance on suggested frequencies of user checks, planned formal visual inspections and combined visual inspection and testing of portable electrical equipment:
2.3.10 General Public Safety
The general public is defined for the purpose of this Policy as any person who is not employed by Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd , e.g:
▪ Neighbouring Businesses and their Employees;
▪ Visitors to Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd and neighbouring business premises;
▪ Pedestrians and road users;
▪ Any persons who could be affected by Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd activities on site locations.
General public areas must be kept free from any unsafe obstructions and activities that could be a hazard e.g. re-texturing of granite paving slabs using oxy-acetylene torches. Where general public areas have to be guarded-off due to the nature of work, all necessary temporary safeguards must be provided and adequate control measures put in place.
Areas of possible danger to the general public must be safely guarded-off and appropriate warning notices displayed.
Those that could be affected by the works must be notified in advance wherever possible so that where necessary, their normal safety arrangements can accommodate additional safety provisions necessary for the safe use of temporary works.
When pavements could be affected by the works all appropriate signs and guards must be displayed. Temporary walkways for pedestrians must be at a safe distance from the work. The walkways should be defined with red and white continuous rigid guardrails and toeboards or hoarding. Where temporary pedestrian walkways have to be located in roads, red and
white secured road timbers should be used instead of toeboards and all appropriate road signs/lights and cones must be displayed.
Where pavements are required for closure, the Local Highways Department/Local Council must be informed so that all appropriate precautions and controls are taken. Note: Pavements are used by mothers pushing prams, children, blind and disabled persons as well as ordinary pedestrians and they must all be considered when diverting/closing pavements.
Trespassers safety must also be considered so they are protected from danger. There is a particularly strong liability towards children who may be ‘attracted’ onto Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd premises or site works after working hours.
The precautions to exclude children depend on circumstances. If it is reasonably foreseeable that a child might gain access,
the precautions, which have been taken, are not sufficient.
Every reasonable precaution must be taken to keep trespassers out of Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd premises and sites.
Considerations must be given to safeguard trespassers should they gain entry, e.g., Guard dogs must be under control.
Machinery, plant and equipment should be left immobilised (disconnected/locked off) and in a safe condition.
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd has a responsibility not to jeopardise any person’s safety. This covers not only Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Employees, but also the Client’s Employees, Sub-Contractor’s Employees, Visitors and persons making deliveries, etc.
Where third parties or visitors are allowed onto Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Premises or site locations, they should be made aware of safety standards and any special hazards. They should be accompanied by a responsible person and provided with protective clothing/equipment where appropriate.
Site working areas must be suitably guarded/cordoned-off and appropriate safety signs displayed, particularly scaffold working platforms where the protection preventing persons from falling has been temporarily affected, at the base areas where hoists are being erected, areas where persons could be struck by hoist platforms and areas of potential fall of
materials, etc.
2.3.11 Hand/Arm Vibration
Works undertaken by Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd and Sub-Contractors put to work by Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd , may include tasks, which will require compliance with the Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005.
This may include the use of various types of hand-held tools, in particular those, which are of a rotary or percussive nature.
The regular and prolonged use of such tools can cause the users to suffer various forms of damage, a condition known as
‘hand-arm vibration syndrome’ (HAVS). The most common form of which is the damage caused by vibration white finger (VWF), or a separate condition called Raynauds Syndrome.
People who are regularly exposed to high vibration can have conditions such as ‘dead finger’ or ‘dead hand’, which is caused by damage to the blood vessels or blood supply. Damage to nerves of the finger causing permanent loss of feelingand other damage to muscles and bone may also contribute to pain and stiffness in the hands and wrists.
Whole body vibration can also cause damage to the spine or vertebrae after long exposure. Symptoms of vibration white
finger are usually set off by the cold, with early indications of the fingertips rapidly becoming pale and loss of feeling. These attacks can produce numbness and ‘pins and needles’. This phase is followed by an intense red flush (sometimes preceded by a dusky bluish phase) signaling the return of blood circulation to the fingers and is usually accompanied by an
uncomfortable throbbing. Continued work will see the affected area becoming larger.
Other Regulations covering the use of hand held tools are The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (placing a requirement on every employer to make a suitable and sufficient assessment of every work activity), The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (requiring that an employer only supplies work equipment that is correct and suitable for the job and ensures that the equipment is maintained and kept in good working order) and The Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 1992 (in that they require an employer to make an assessment of the workplace
in an attempt to decide which, if any, personal protective equipment should be issued).
Outline Control Measures for Reducing the Risk of Vibration Exposure
The control measures to be implemented to ensure compliance with the above regulations is achieved will include:
- assessing the vibration risk to your employees;
- deciding if they are likely to be exposed above the daily exposure action value (EAV) and if they are: – introduce a programme of controls to eliminate risk, or reduce exposure to as low a level as is reasonably practicable; –
provide health surveillance (regular health checks) to those employees who continue to be regularly exposed above the action value or otherwise continue to be at risk;
- deciding if they are likely to be exposed above the daily exposure limit value (ELV) and if they are, take immediate action to reduce their exposure below the limit value;
- providing information and training to employees on health risks and the actions you are taking to control those
risks;
- consulting the safety representative or employee representative on your proposals to control risk and to provide health surveillance;
- keeping a record of your risk assessment and control actions;
- keeping health records for employees under health surveillance;
- reviewing and update your risk assessment regularly.
Strategy for reducing vibration
From the outset, risk assessments of all work tasks should be carried out, during which the following issues should be
addressed:
▪ Can the job be done without using high vibration tools? If this is not possible, is it feasible to reduce the vibration levels of the tools to be used?
▪ Ensuring that any new tools have vibration controls built in. All tools, whether supplied new or secondhand, should be safe to use and handle in compliance with the requirements of the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 and relevant British Standards.
▪ Arranging for operatives to stay warm by providing heating for the workplace and, where possible, suitable clothing
and gloves employers will reduce the effect of cold on the operatives’ hands and other parts of the body and help them to identify the symptoms of vibration-induced diseases more quickly.
In addition, the recognition of symptoms is imperative. By training operatives in the correct use of vibrating tools, they will be helped to recognise the vibration symptoms and the need to report them to the supervisor and subsequently to the HSE under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 2013.
Preventive measures
Where there is a significant risk of injury from vibration exposure due to the regular and prolonged use of work equipment, a preventive programme for operatives and supervisors will be implemented by Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd . The nature of the risk, any signs of injury and why these signs of injury should be reported, either to a supervisor or the Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd manager who will arrange for them to be investigated, or as part of an established routine health and surveillance programme, are all part of the controls which should be set up following the identification of a work hazard during the risk assessment.
Action taken by the employees to minimise the risk of injury or ill health should include:
▪ the use of working practices which are designed to minimise vibration being directed to the hands, thereby maintaining a good blood circulation to the affected areas;
▪ making sure tools are properly maintained and promptly reporting defects and problems with the equipment to their supervisors and obtaining replacements where necessary.
Keeping the hands and body warm is essential to help maintain good blood flow to the fingers and reduce the risk of injury.
Specific measures might include:
▪ wearing anti-vibration gloves
▪ using proprietary heating pads for the hands
▪ using tools with heated handles
▪ avoiding pneumatic exhausts which discharge towards the hands
▪ allowing operatives to warm up before starting work, and helping them to stay warm
▪ wearing warm, weatherproof clothing for cold wet areas
▪ avoiding or cutting down smoking (smoking reduces blood circulation), and massaging and exercising fingers during
work breaks.
An important factor in preventing hand-arm vibration syndrome is by reducing the time which operatives are actually
exposed to vibration. In a team of employees, if the use of a vibrating tool is shared between them, as opposed to it only being used by one person all day then the tool can be kept in use for the full day. By splitting up the work in this way and by rotating such personnel not operating the tools at that time to other areas of work will considerably lessen the effects of vibration on the actual user and assist the maintenance of blood circulation thus lessening the chances of injury or ill health effects being caused by the use of the vibrating tool.
2.3.12 High Pressure Water Jetting
The most prevalent Health and Safety Legislation in relation to high pressure water jetting is the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002, the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998, and the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992. Specific guidance is provided in HSE Guidance Note PM29 ‘Electrical
hazards from steam/water pressure cleaners etc.’ and the Association of High Pressure Water Jetting Contractors’ Code of Practice.
This is defined as any water jetting procedure above a pressure of 140 bars, with or without the addition of chemical additives to the water. It must only be carried out by a team of properly trained and experienced competent personnel, usually consisting of a supervisor, a pump operator and the person in charge of the jetting nozzle.
Good teamwork and co-ordination are essential to the safety of both the jetting team and others in the area. Because of this factor the members of the team should be trained together and not separately if this is practicable.
Water at high pressure and the possible inclusion of hazardous chemicals, are capable of inflicting very severe injury and must be the subject of an adequate Risk Assessment from which is developed a detailed safe working method statement. In most on-site situations, only the use of personal protective equipment represents a reasonably practicable means of
reducing the risk to an acceptable level. The PPE normally required, for all members of the jetting team will consist of:
▪ Safety helmet.
▪ Gloves (proof against any chemicals being used).
▪ Heavy-duty waterproof overalls.
▪ Hearing protection at decibel levels of 90 dB (A) and above.
▪ Appropriate eye protection (against impact and chemical splash as appropriate).
▪ Appropriate protective footwear (proof against any chemicals being used and providing adequate grip in slippery
conditions).
Appropriate and adequate measures must be taken to protect persons not involved in the water jetting. Barriers to prevent their access to any danger areas must be provided and maintained, together with warning signs complying with the Safety Signs and Signals Regulations.
Before commencing jetting the work area should be checked for any items vulnerable to damage and appropriate action (removal or provision of protection) taken. This precaution is of particular importance if asbestos may be present, as damage could lead to spread of fibres.
Apart from the normal operational procedures, plans for dealing with any foreseeable emergency should be drawn up and the Personnel trained in how to deal with any problems encountered. When hazardous chemicals are being used, adequate eye washing facilities must be kept to hand and the site first-Aider be on call. In the event of accidental contact with the jet,
the medical staff should be informed that the injuries were due to water jetting, as there may be internal injuries arising that are not visible on the skin surface.
The equipment must be adequately maintained and used in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Equipment
should be given a simple visual external examination by the supervisor at the beginning of each shift and a more detailed
external and internal inspection by a competent person every week it is in use. Only fully competent persons should carry out equipment repairs and maintenance. All inspections and maintenance should be recorded in the equipment maintenance logbook.
2.3.13
Lifting Appliance Erection
All lifting appliances must conform to all current Regulations, Approved Codes of Practices and British Standards. The manufacturers of lifting appliances should ensure that the lifting appliances they produce conform to current Safety standards with regards to performance and use, etc.
To assist suppliers and users of lifting appliances, manufacturers provide Safety Data Information regarding performance figures, erection and dismantling procedures, maintenance procedures and schedules for servicing, operators guidance and emergency procedures, etc. This information from manufacturers is kept in the Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Head Office Library.
The manufacturer’s information has to be checked carefully where lifting appliance manufacturing date precedes current Legislation. Lifting appliance information must be kept up-to-date with current Legislation and where necessary, the lifting appliances themselves may require alteration to conform to new, safer, standards.
Suitability of lifting appliances
The suitability of lifting appliance for the job is very important criteria to ensure that associated hazards and potential risks are kept to a minimum. This would also reduce damage to lifting appliances due to abuse of the working specifications of the appliance, i.e., overloading and lifting items too large or long for the platforms etc.
Other aspects to consider would be whether there is a need for containment of materials being hoisted from any possibility of them falling, i.e., a hoist that requires a fully enclosed scaffold tower from the base and extends the full travel height of the hoist due to materials being hoisted are not able to be kept completely contained within the platform cage, etc.
Competency of erectors
General Safety Awareness Training – Erectors and others involved in working or providing a service with regards to lifting appliances need to be aware of other associated hazards involved, other than those specifically related to the lifting appliance. Being appreciative of the understandings of Risk Assessments, Safe Methods of Work and general safety
procedures would be beneficial in making Employees aware of associated hazards and safety controls/procedures that would also play a major part in minimising the potential for accidents occurring, as well as offering a professional service to the customers.
CITB Training for Operators – Erectors and others involved in working with lifting appliances also will be required to operate them.
Therefore, the CITB Operators Training Course for Hoists would be appropriate.
Qualified Skills Training, Electrical & Mechanical Engineering, Etc – Many aspects of an erectors job would be greatly enhanced by formal training in electrical and mechanical engineering.
Electrical connections and repairs to lifting appliances are not permissible by Personnel who have not been properly trained.
Employees involved in repairing and servicing plant would have a greater understanding with regards to the engineering aspects that could affect the safety of plant operations, therefore, engineering skills training is essential.
Scaffolding Safety Appreciation – Many of the lifting appliances are required to be connected to, or have provisions allowed for scaffolds. As required by Law, persons that are required to erect, alter, maintain or dismantle scaffolds must be competent, therefore, Employees involved in plant erecting will need to have formal scaffolding training, or work in conjunction with a qualified scaffolder. Some of the main scaffold considerations when erecting lifting appliances are as follows:
Persons involved in working with lifting appliances and associated works must be physically fit to perform their duties and tasks with particular reference to manual handling requirements, mobility and judgement.
Erection, Maintenance And Dismantling Procedures
Assessment
Persons involved in supplying or working with lifting appliances should understand the disciplines of Risk Assessments so that hazards and necessary controls can be properly evaluated and all necessary precautions provided for in advance of carrying out the work.
Requirements
Careful consideration must be given to what use the lifting appliance is required to ensure that it would be safe and efficient for the tasks in hand. Careful note should be given to those requirements and checks carried out to ensure those requirements are fully met, i.e., prohibited smoking, additional PPE requirements and additional electrical works permits, etc.
Environment conditions
Full consideration must be given when designing the method of work with regards to working areas and access, ground conditions, potential obstructions, scaffold structures or buildings in which the lifting appliances are required to be secured to, the condition and integrity of power supplies for lifting appliances, weather conditions in particular, freezing temperatures
with regards to snow and ice, wet weather with regards to slip factors and strong winds.
Thorough Examinations, Inspections and Testing of Lifting Appliances
The Regulations, Approved Codes of Practices, British and European Standards and manufacturer’s ‘specifications must be complied with regarding thorough examinations, inspections and testing of lifting appliances and lifting gear. Refer to the preceding section for Lifting Operations for further details. All lifting appliances/gear must be tested before use.
Test Certificates
Records of these Certificates must be kept by the Hire Company and copies supplied with lifting appliances and lifting gear to customers. Refer to the preceding section for Lifting Operations for further details.
Prior to the erection, maintenance and dismantling of lifting appliances, Risk Assessments and Safe Method of Work Statements for the job, should be reviewed and fully considered and complied with during the erection, maintenance/repair and dismantling stages. Provide necessary test certificates, maintenance records and operators guides to the user and
ensure the customer is reminded that competent persons must operate the lifting appliances.
2.3.14 Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998
Lifting operations cover a wide scope of appliances and lifting gear which must comply with The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998, The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998, The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 and The Health and Safety At Work Etc., Act 1974. There are also British Standards, HSE Approved Codes of Practices and Guidance Notes that should be adhered to.
The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 cover many different aspects relating to the safety of lifting
operations and equipment – below are some of the main issues:
Lifting Appliances
There are many different types of lifting appliances, for example, Tower Cranes, Telescopic Mobile Jib Cranes, Hoists, Forklifts, Excavators, Gin Wheels and Pulley Blocks, etc., all of which must be erected, maintained and operated by a competent person, i.e., someone who has been properly trained and is experienced. Whilst a Lifting appliance is being
used, a competent person to ensure that it is being kept in good safe order must regularly inspect it.
These inspection findings should be recorded in the Lifting Register. The responsibility of carrying out these inspections will be that of the appliance operator. Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Supervisors are required to oversee that inspections are being complied with and to become familiar with the lifting appliance safety requirements. The Supervisors should check
that all safety arrangements are complied with before lifting appliances are used on site. The supplier should supply appropriate Safety Data information to the site along with the lifting appliances.
Lifting Gear Introduction
Lifting must by its very nature be regarded as a hazardous operation. The severe usage to which lifting gear is often subjected, together with the serious consequences to life and property that may result from any failure make it important that maximum attention be paid to the correct use and maintenance of such gear. This can best be achieved by:
▪ Good design and workmanship. (These can be assured by using gear complying with an appropriate British Standard),
▪ Careful testing and inspection after manufacture or repair,
▪ Detailed planning and correct and careful use of the gear; storage under cover,
▪ Regular, careful inspection and maintenance during the life of the gear.
A large proportion of the accidents that arise from lifting operations stem from faulty slinging, overloading of slings, and trapping of persons between load and other objects – items over which the crane driver has little or no control. Management should accept that the duty of the banksperson/slinger is not one that can be undertaken by untrained persons.
Quality of lifting equipment
It is of the utmost importance to ensure that any lifting equipment put to use is of the correct quality. To that end the equipment must be manufactured in accordance with the relevant British Standards listed at the end of this section and, where applicable, have current test and examination certificates.
Some lifting tackle may also be subject to weekly inspection; in any event it must be inspected prior to being used to ensure that it is not damaged or defective.
Most lifting equipment is subject to statutory test and examination that must be carried out by a competent person. Due to changing requirements, contact the Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Safety Officer for further guidance and clarification on this matter.
Marking of lifting equipment
It is important to inspect the markings on an item of lifting equipment before it is used. It will be seen that there are usually three sets of numbers; the manufacturer’s identification number, the owner’s identification number and the safe working load. These numbers are normally stamped onto the master eye or ferrule of slings and the body of eyebolts, shackles etc.
Alternatively, metal tabs that bear this information may be fitted to slings. On web slings the information may be on a label
stitched into the sling, normally at the eye, and they may be additionally colour coded to identify SWL.
Multi leg slings
Multi leg slings will be marked with one safe working load for angles between legs (the included angle) of 0-90, e.g. SWL 5.4t 0-90. The maximum marked included angle must not be exceeded, and the SWL is not increased at any
lesser included angle. For specifically planned lifts, the included angle may be increased to a maximum of 120, in which case the sling would be marked with a further SWL at 90-120.
Repairs
Chains derive their properties from close control of materials and the heat treatment of them. Proper heat treatment and testing are essential features of any repair. Arc welding cannot provide the necessary conditions and thus it is impossible to affect any repairs on site. A competent person should immediately put suspect chains out of use for further examination.
Defects
The most common defect to be found with chains in service is that of stretching – and this includes stretched or distorted
links, rings or hooks. Other regular defects are (a) cuts in the surface through bending round sharp-edged objects – these cuts (or nicks) reduce the strength of a link out of all proportion to the depth of the cut (b) hooks opened out, most frequently due to lifting on, or near, the point as the result of using end links, rings or shackles that are too small and which therefore
cause the full load to be borne by some part of the hook not in line with its support.
Wire rope slings
Wire rope is manufactured from a number of single wires that are twisted together to form a strand. There can be any number of single wires in a strand and the single wires are laid round a core of fibre or steel. To make up wire rope, the strands themselves are then twisted round a core of fibre or steel. Obviously, there can be great variety in the arrangement
of wire or strands.
The safe working load of a wire rope is determined from its guaranteed breaking load. In all cases, the manufacturer’s own
recommended SWL should be strictly followed.
Defects
Efficient examination of wire rope slings requires considerable experience before sound judgement can be made. The following should always be considered:
Kinks usually caused by use around sharp bends can give rise to serious weakening of the rope. Wear: a wire rope is unserviceable if wear on a rope results in flattening such that there is a 10% reduction in rope diameter. Where this results in broken wires, the criteria in the following paragraph should be applied.
Reduction in rope diameter may be caused by other than surface wear, but this will still warrant rejection.
It is a statutory requirement that a rope must be taken out of use if the number of visibly broken wires in any length of 10
diameters exceeds 5% of the total number of wires in the rope.
Thus a 6 x 19 rope, which has a total of 114 individual wires, cannot have more than 5 broken wires in any 10 diameter length. Broken wires are dangerous to hands. These wires should be broken off, on or below the surface, by bending backwards and forwards (cutting always leaves a raised sharp edge). It is a wise precaution to replace slings long before
the permitted broken wire limit is reached.
Flat lifting slings
A flat lifting sling gives a breadth of bearing to a load and therefore the risk of damage to it. Three main types are in use:
▪ a woven material made of an appropriate man-made material, the end fittings being sewn in (BS 3481 part 2),
▪ formed from wire mesh, sometimes covered with a plastic material (BS 3481 part 1).
▪ formed from plaited wire rope or from a number of panelled wire ropes, secured between the end fittings. The
panelled wire version is sometimes covered with plastic material.
Slings made from woven material should be regularly checked for cuts, excessive wear or fraying. Blisters in the covering of wire mesh types are a sure indication that the mesh has been broken underneath.
In use, slings should be protected from sharp edged loads by sacking or similar padding. It is most important that all lifts should take place vertically, since any side-pull tends to overload the edge of the sling and risk tearing it; it also tends to move the sling inwards over possibly rough edges and risk cutting it.
Hooks
The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 require that every hook used for raising or lowering, or as a means of suspension, shall be either provided with an efficient device to prevent the displacement of the sling or load from the hook, or, of such shape as to avoid, as far as possible, the risk of such displacement.
A load can become displaced by the hook falling back after it has been set through an eye or hole in the load to be lifted, or, particularly in the case of multi-leg slings, when the load is at rest. Loads can also become displaced if the point of a hook catches against something during the lift, e.g. a girder or block of stone, causing the hook to open out or tip over.
The best hook designs therefore either have the point of the hook turned in or protected in some other way. The “C” and Liverpool are admirable examples. Where safety catches are fitted, the hook must be immediately withdrawn from use if a defect occurs.
Loads should only be applied to hooks at the place specifically designed to take them, i.e. the bed of the hook. Loading at any other place, e.g. the point, can only result in greatly overstressing the hook, causing it to open or even break. To avoid overloading the point of any hook, all lifting rings or holes should be large enough to take the whole hook and where, for
example, flat plates are to be raised, only properly designed plate clamps should be used.
Eyebolts
There are various methods of marking the SWL of eyebolts and the user must be fully aware of the particular criteria applying. Where hooks will not freely locate into the eye or link of the eyebolt, a shackle should be used. Eyebolts, which should be to BS 4278, are of three kinds:
Dynamo Eyebolts have a large eye and relatively small collar. It is designed for vertical lifting only. Ignorance of this has
caused many accidents.
Collar Eyebolts have a smaller eye, with a large collar, machined on the under face and relieved to allow for good radius between collar and shank; the end of the thread is run out. It can be used for angular loads in the plane of the eye. To obtain the full strength of the eyebolt, the collar must be tight down on its seating. To obtain these conditions, a considerable amount of careful fitting is required. Collar Eyebolts with Links overcomes these difficulties because it takes a higher angular loading than other types and allows
the pull to be taken in any direction no matter which way the eye lies when it is tightened down.
Shackles are widely used for making connections in slinging. They should be matched to the grade of chain in use. They must be tested, certificated, marked with their SWL and inspected prior to use.
The pin is a separate part of the shackle but belongs to it and there is always a great risk that the wrong pin may be used, or an ordinary bolt inserted if the proper pin has been lost. The greatest care is always necessary to ensure that only the proper pins are used and that they are fully tightened.
In circumstances where the load may rock on a shackle pin (e.g. with brick cages) the pin must be provided with a locking device to ensure that it does not unscrew itself.
Proprietary lifting equipment
Many types of lifting equipment, specifically designed for a given operation, are readily available (e.g. beam clamps, lifting dogs, etc.). Reference should be made to manufacturers for their availability and suitability.
Types of slings
The following are some of the more common slings in use in the construction industry:
▪ Single leg sling with eye and hook: Single leg slings would normally be used on loads with a single point of attachment with the sling in a vertical plane.
▪ Single slings with eye at both ends: Choke sling or Reeving sling. This is a single leg sling with the eye at one end large enough to permit the other eye to pass through it to form a choke hitch and may be used singly or
connected to each leg of a multi-leg sling.
▪ Two leg sling: This type of sling will be used when two lifting points are required. The angle between the legs of
the sling should not exceed 90.
▪ Three leg sling: The sling may not be used when the angle between any leg and a line vertically below the centre
of the master ring exceeds 45.
▪ Four leg sling: The angle between legs on a four-leg sling is measured between diagonally opposite legs and
should not exceed 90.
▪ Chain shortening clutch: These are used on multi-leg slings to permit the shortening of one or more legs. This will enable the hook to be placed over the centre of gravity in eccentric loads or will permit a load to be lifted at an
angle. It is critical when using a chain shortening clutch that the loaded part of the chain is placed so that it comes
out of the bottom of the clutch. Use of chain shortening clutches is the only permitted method of shortening chains. Bolts, knotted chains, etc., must not be used.
▪ Spreader beams: This is a device that is used when headroom is restricted and the wide spacing of lifting points would require a long sling to maintain the 90 included angle. Alternatively, they are used when the load will not
sustain the compressive force applied by slings used at an angle.
Sling attachment
The attachment of a sling to a load will normally fall into one of four categories. Straight lift, Basket hitch, Choke hitch, Wrapped Choke and Basket Hitch.
Note: The use of a sling in a choke hitch will cause a reduction in the SWL of 20%.
Sling selection
The following are the basic precautions that must be taken:
Weight of the load to be lifted. The weight of routine loads of pipes, timber, steel, etc., can often be established from the manufacturer, or supplier, from delivery tickets or by calculation. Where weights of loads cannot be determined, e.g. pile extraction, they must be estimated by a person of experience in such matters, The load dimension: The size and shape of the load must be considered together with any lifting points that may be
available. An assessment of the centre of gravity must also be made to ensure the crane hook is placed above that point.
The positioning of the load. Many loads may have to be placed at an angle or have one face resting directly on a surface that would prohibit removal of the slings if the more traditional “wrap around” method of slinging was used.
Headroom. If lifts are to take place in areas of restricted headroom, then spreader beams may be more appropriate than
other types of slinging methods.
Method of detachment. It is not uncommon in building and civil engineering, particularly when slinging structural members, which access to the load when it has been lifted into position is extremely hazardous and consideration should be given to the use of quick release shackles etc.
Slinging precautions
The following are the basic precautions that must be taken:
All hooks must be of sufficient size to permit the load to be taken on the bed and not the tip.
Where less than the full number of legs of a sling is in use, the SWL will be reduced accordingly. All unused legs of the sling must be hooked back to the eye. This will prevent the hook swinging where it may strike personnel of get caught up.
The hook must be placed over the centre of gravity of the load to avoid the load swinging; it is important that loads are not lifted when persons are between that load and a fixed object.
The slinger must ensure that the slings do not pass directly over sharp edges such that they may be damaged. To that end, packing is often required to provide a suitable radius around which the sling may be safely placed.
Sling hooks must be positioned facing outwards from the crane hook, unless specified otherwise for a particular lifting operation.
Before lifting the load, the suitability of the landing must be established together with the quality of any chocks, battens, etc., on to which it is to be placed. Consideration must be given to the use of tail ropes, to control the movement of the elevated load. Clear signals must be given as recommended by the Building Employers Confederation. The load must be checked to ensure that it is “free” and not trapped in any way. This would not necessarily apply in pile extraction and certain demolition operations.
The load must be lifted slightly and checked for stability and angle.
The load should not be directed over any person’s head. Slingers should always wear a safety helmet, safety boots and gloves and be clearly identifiable.
Weather conditions and environment
It should be noted that slings may suffer a reduction in SWL in excesses of heat and cold. These would not normally be experienced in the natural environment in the UK but may be found inside certain plants where construction work is being carried out. Consideration should also be given to the corrosive nature of any environment in which slinging is to take place.
Storage of lifting equipment
At the end of the lifting operations, lifting equipment must be placed under cover in a designated store. Slings should be hung up on a rack and other lifting gear placed off the floor to avoid becoming damaged.
Attachment of pulley blocks and gin wheels
It is most important that all portable lifting appliances, e.g., chain blocks, are strong enough for the job and are securely fixed; also that the structure to which they are fixed is strong enough to hold them. Perhaps the most common method of fixing is to pass a chain sling round a convenient joist. This is acceptable, provided that the sling is strong enough and that any sharp corners are suitably packed. It must be remembered that any sling used for this purpose must be properly certificated and that, in any such fixing arrangement, angles may well arise which reduce the capacity of the sling. It is highly dangerous practice simply to use odd pieces of chain. Fixing clamps are more convenient and much safer. They can be fitted very quickly and are so designed that they cannot come off whilst the hook of the lifting appliance is in position. When securing the simplest of lifting appliances such as a gin wheel, it is imperative that the point of attachment is of adequate strength and that accidental displacement of the device is prevented. Gin wheels must be fitted with an appropriate hook adequately secured to the rope.
Slewing areas of plant
Slewing areas must be respected for their potential dangers. In the planning stages of a Contract, the area in which plant is
required to work should determine the method of work and what plant would be best suited to the site conditions. One of the most important safety factors regarding plant with slewing motion, i.e., excavators, cranes, etc., is the clearance between the slewing area of the plant and obstructions, e.g., buildings and walls etc. Where it is not possible to achieve a safe clearance from the radius of the slewing motion of plant, adjacent structures and
obstructions, the area must be completely guarded off (preventing access to everyone) and ‘Danger – Keep Clear’ signs displayed. The safe clearance for Personnel should be not less than 0.6 metres. In general public areas, e.g., where the site is not completely fenced off from the general public, the slewing area must be completely guarded off. ‘Danger – Keep Clear’
signs must be displayed on all slewing corners of plant.
REFERENCES
Legislation
Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999
2.3.15 Material and Passenger Hoists
Competent trained persons who hold a relevant Hoist Operators Training Certificate, being specific to the hoist used, must only operate hoists.
Material Hoists should only be used for the carriage of materials/equipment/debris and should never be used to carry personnel. Passenger Hoists can be used for the carriage of persons and materials etc.
All hoists should be erected by competent qualified personnel and should be tested before use to ensure that it is in good order. A thorough examination certificate must be issued after the hoist has been erected and tested.
From the date of erection of a hoist, weekly inspections must be carried out by a competent person i.e., the hoist operator or the hoist erectors and their findings entered into the Register. These arrangements need to be clarified with the Client.
Any defects found in the hoist should be reported to Management immediately. Hoists in unsafe order must not be used and
the power must be turned off. ‘Out of Order – Do Not Use’ signs must be displayed.
The safe working load should always be displayed on the hoist and the hoist gates as well as ‘Keep gates closed’ and ‘No riding on hoists’ (for material hoists).
Passenger hoists should be fitted with devices preventing the platform from moving if the safety gates are not properly closed. Over-run devices should be fitted to the tops of the hoist masts to prevent over-run of the hoist platforms.
The ground floor area of all hoists must be guarded off with at least 2 metre high guards so that it prevents persons from venturing into danger areas of the hoist platform.
If materials are not fully enclosed by a hoist platform cage, it will be necessary to completely enclose the hoist way with suitable steel or wire mesh throughout it’s height to prevent materials etc., falling and endangering persons who may be nearby. Gates must be fitted at all levels where access is required.
Hoist masts must be adequately tied (secured) in position. Scaffold structures must also be adequately secured.
Hoists should only be capable of being operated from one position in which the operator has an unobstructed view of all landings.
Hoist landing should be numbered and the hoist marked up so that guidance is given to the operator to ensure the hoist cart is at the required level to suit landings. Ensure that landings are fully boarded. Protection preventing materials from falling from the landing must be fitted. Landings should be kept free from any unsafe obstructions. Adequate lighting should be
provided for landings and ground floor areas. Hoist operators should not leave a hoist unattended when switched on. The hoist must always be locked off and the hoist platform positioned at the bottom of the hoist tower when left unattended.
2.3.16 Manual Handling
The duties imposed by the Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1999 are as follows:
▪ Avoid hazardous manual handling operations where reasonably practicable
▪ Risk assess any hazardous operations that are unavoidable
▪ Reduce the risk of injury as far as is reasonably practicable
▪ Provide adequate and appropriate information, instruction, training & supervision.
▪ Monitor and review
Manual handling injuries include:
▪ Strains and sprains – muscles and joints can be injured by over-exertion.
▪ Fractures – dropping a heavy load onto the feet can break bones.
▪ Wounds – from handling objects with sharp edges and rough surfaces.
▪ Hernias – the strain of lifting can cause painful ruptures in the abdominal wall.
▪ Spinal injuries – damage to the vertebrae and the spinal discs can cause permanent disability
It is Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd policy to prevent injury and ill health to the workforce engaged in manual handling and
it is important that management and Employees take reasonably practicable precautions to prevent manual handling injuries from occurring.
Management are to check before they instruct persons to carry out manual handling whether those persons suffer from any pre-existing back problems or there are any other factors that could make them significantly more prone to sustaining a manual handling injury. They are to assess the loads required to be lifted and where reasonably practicable, provide mechanical aids and/or take other steps to eliminate or adequately reduce the risk of manual handling injury.
Employees must be fit for the purpose: It is Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd policy not to engage Employees with existing back problems or having other personal factors which could make them significantly more prone to sustaining a manual handling injury, to carry out manual handling duties.
The following personal factors of a manual handler may contribute to the risk of a manual handling injury:
▪ size.
▪ weight.
▪ age.
▪ physique.
▪ state of health.
▪ training in manual handling.
Manual Handling Injuries
Employees are to notify their Managers immediately should they suffer acute injury or develop health problems related to manual handling operations, or if they feel that the loads required for lifting manually are too heavy for them to lift safely.
2.3.17 Noise At Work
The danger levels for noise are dictated in the Noise at Work Regulations 2005 (NAWR) as being, 80dBA and 85dBA. At 80dBA, which is known, as the first action level employees will probably have to shout to be heard at a distance of 2m away from the person they are talking to. At this level those employees must be provided with hearing protection at their request.
At the second action level, which is 85dBA, or above, employees will probably have to shout to be heard at a distance of 1m away from the person they are talking to. The exposure of employees to noise must be reduced, as far as reasonably practicable, without the use of hearing protection. If it cannot be reduced below this level then hearing protection must be provided and reasonable steps taken to ensure that it is used; employees have a duty to use hearing protection in such
circumstances.
What Are The Health Hazards Associated With Noise?
One of the major problems associated with hearing loss is that it occurs over time and the sufferer may not be fully aware that it is taking place. There are two types of hearing loss associated with damage to the receptive hairs, temporary and permanent threshold shift.
Temporary threshold shift is a temporary dullness in hearing after exposure to loud noises. Hearing will subsequently recover; the time taken depends on factors such as loudness and duration of the noise. If hearing does not fully recover after 48 hours, the level of hearing loss that remains can be considered permanent.
There are two categories of ‘permanent threshold shift’
- Noise induced or occupational deafness, which results when the sufferer has been regularly exposed to noise over
a long period of time. Normally, hearing loss will be similar in both ears and increase with continued exposure to the noise.
- Acoustic trauma, occurring with exposure to a very high sound level over a short period of time, in some cases resulting in perforation of the eardrum. Hearing losses can be frequently more severe in the ear closest to the
sound. Once permanent damage has occurred to the inner ear it is irreversible.
Symptoms of Noise Induced Hearing Loss
Mild form of noise induced hearing loss. There is sometimes difficulty in conversing with people, wrong answers may be given, and there is also, difficulty in hearing normal environmental sounds, such as a clock ticking.
Severe form of noise induced hearing loss. There is difficulty in conversing, even when face to face with people. People will seem to be speaking indistinctly on radio and television and there is an inability to hear the normal environmental sounds of home and street. It is often impossible to tell the direction from which a sound is coming, and to assess the distance from the
sound. (This last mentioned feature is a contributory factory in accidents). In the most severe cases, there is a sensation of
whistling or ringing in the ear, (tinnitus).
The Noise at Work Regulations 2005
The duties imposed requirements on employers with respects to:
▪ the making and review of noise assessments (Regulation 4);
▪ the keeping of records of noise assessments and reviews thereof (Regulation 5);
▪ the reduction of risk of damage to the hearing of employees from exposure to noise (Regulation 6);
▪ the reduction of exposure to noise of their employees (Regulation 7);
▪ provision to employees of personal ear protectors (Regulation 8);
▪ the marking of, and entry of employees into, ear protection zones (Regulation 9);
▪ the use and maintenance of equipment provided by employers pursuant to the provisions of the regulations
(Regulation 10);
▪ Note: similar requirements relating to use and maintenance of equipment apply to employees also in this case.
▪ the provision of information, instruction and training to employees who are likely to be exposed to specific noise
levels (Regulation 11).
A number of action levels are also specified in the regulations, as follows;
▪ the first action level; means a daily personal noise exposure (LEP,d) of 80 dB(A);
▪ the peak action level – means a level of peak sound pressure of 200 pascals
▪ the second action level means a daily personal noise exposure (LEP,d) of 85 dB(A).
The formal definition of LEP, d is the daily total personal exposure to noise at work (this figure is normalised to an 8 hour day), taking account of the average levels of noise in working areas and the time spent in them, but taking no account of any ear protectors (earmuffs or earplugs) worn.
Regulation 4 requires that every employer shall, when any of his employees is likely to be exposed to the first action level, or to the peak action level, ensure that a competent person makes a noise assessment, which is adequate for the purposes:
▪ of identifying which of his employees are exposed; and
▪ of providing such information with regard to the noise to which those employees may be exposed as will enable compliance with duties under
Regulations 7, 8, 9 and 11.
The noise assessment must be reviewed when:
▪ there is reason to suspect that the assessment is no longer valid; or
▪ there has been a significant change in the works to which the assessment relates.
Where, as a result of the review, changes in the assessment are required; those changes must be made. Employers must ensure that assessments, and any reviews, are kept until a further noise assessment is made. The principal legislation relating to environmental or nuisance noise includes the Environmental Protection Act 1990 and the Control of Pollution Act
1974.
How Should Noise Assessments Be Completed
The assessment may be structured as follows:
Step 1: Identify & List All Your Work Activities/ Tasks Where There Is Likely To Be A Noise Hazard
The first step is to prepare an inventory of all the work tasks under your control that incorporate excessive noise. There is a requirement under the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 to make an assessment of risks to health and safety in the workplace.
Step 2: Determine the Hazards
You must identify all the noise hazards associated with the activity i.e. those aspects (for example equipment, work processes, or work environment) which have the potential to cause harm.
When determining noise hazards remember that actual practice may differ from your prescribed practices / procedures;
indeed this is frequently a route whereby risks creep in unnoticed. Always consider the non-routine operations affiliated with the task, e.g. maintenance operations, loading and unloading.
Step 3: Who Might Be Harmed: Identify All Workers Likely To Be Exposed To the Hazard
The information you have collated in the previous steps should reveal much about the types of people who may be affected by the hazards associated with excessive noise. You must consider others who might be affected. Do not forget maintenance or repair staff, security staff, delivery drivers, subcontractors, visitors, and the general public.
Step 4: Measuring the Risk: The Level of Noise In dba
Once you have identified that there is a likely noise hazard, you will need to measure the level of noise exposure. Only by doing this will you be able to determine what action you will need to take to control the hazard. This will give you information about your employees’ exposure to noise and advise you what you can do to reduce it. This means you will have to arrange
for a competent person to carry out a noise assessment and obtain reliable information about work patterns and the noise sources. In planning, it is important that you consult the affected employees and their safety or employee representatives; this will help ensure co-operation with any control measures that might be needed.
Step 5: Considering & Implementing Control Measures
Once you have identified your hazards and measured the noise exposure you should consider whether all the existing control measures you have in place are adequate to prevent and protect people from injury. Take into account all of your existing preventative or precautionary control measures.
Elimination
Elimination involves removing the hazard completely. This is the most effective method of dealing with a noise hazard.
Examples are:
- purchasing finished components rather than having to grind or polish them on site;
- replace noisy plant or processors by less noisy alternatives
Reduce the Risk at Source
It is often possible to reduce the risk at source, or to use a safer alternative. The following are examples:
Selecting machinery – When making inquiries, you should ask potential suppliers for information on the noise emission of
machines and whether they are likely to cause exposure at or above the first or peak action level.
Alternative processes – Changes in technology can alter the machine or process resulting in a lower noise exposure to the workforce. Sometimes a different way of working might avoid the need for a noisy operation.
Control of exposure – These provide you with alternative options for reducing the exposure from a noisy machine or activity,
and include:
Distance – Increasing the distance between noisy equipment / activities and the receiver is often the most effective method
of controlling noise.
Enclosure involves placing a soundproof cover over the noise source. Noisy machines can be fully or partially enclosed or an acoustic cover can be placed around a noisy part of a machine.
Screens and barriers
This involves placing a physical obstacle between the noise source and the employees. The path between the points at which noise is generated and the workplace/receiver point can sometimes be modified by using screens or barriers.
Noise refuges
The employee workstation itself can be ‘enclosed’ by providing a cabin or ‘noise refuge’, which is an acoustically designed enclosure (with proper regard for its ventilation and seating arrangement). If controls are brought into the cabin it will be possible to reduce the need to enter noisy areas.
Protective Devices
Devices can often be provided to minimise the amount of noise produced by the equipment. Examples are:
Avoiding impacts. Try to avoid impacts, or make arrangements to cushion them, for example; ensure that the cutting edge is always sharp on abrasive wheels to reduce the impact noise; Damping involves adding material to reduce induced vibrations and the tendency of machine parts to ‘ring’, for example; bolt together, instead of welding, the individual steel plates joined to produce large structures. Proprietary magnetic damping
material can be obtained.
Isolation involves separating the machine from its surroundings. Flexible isolators made of rubber or springs can be used to
reduce the spread of structure borne sound through a machine frame, for example purchase or hire equipment fitted with anti-vibration mountings to reduce the transmission of sound from hydraulic power supply pipes to the cab floor on an earth moving machine.
Silencers are attachments fitted to the inlet or exhaust (or both) of a moving air or gas stream emitted from machines.
Mufflers or silencers can reduce noise transmitted along pipes and ducts, for example; exhaust and intake silencers on internal combustion engines; mufflers fitted to pneumatic breakers.
2.3.18 Overhead Power Cables
During planning, the presence of overhead electric lines must be taken into account since vehicles, plant and equipment must not be allowed to be in a position within 15m of overhead lines from steel towers, or 9m in the case of wooden poles.
Consultation with the Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Safety Consultant, Aware Safety Ltd and the local Electricity Company should take place at the earliest opportunity, since it may be possible for them to divert the line and as much time as possible must be allowed for this work to be done. If the overhead lines cannot be diverted or made dead, then precautions, depending on the nature of work, must be taken.
Where no work has to be carried out or plant to pass under the overhead lines, barriers should be erected parallel to the overhead line and not less than 6m distance from it. The possibility of mobile cranes etc., encroaching on the minimum distance must be taken into account and where
necessary the 6m distance increased. These distances are subject to agreement with the local Electricity Company and may be dependent upon the voltage of the overhead line.
The barriers should be surmounted by coloured bunting, which forms an additional warning. If access is only possible from one side, then a barrier on that side will be sufficient.
Where Plant May Pass Under The Line
If it is necessary for plant to travel to and fro under overhead lines, the area where they may pass should be as small as possible and not more than 10m wide. This passageway should be clearly defined by the use of fencing barriers and goalposts should be in position across the width of the passageway. The goalposts should be of rigid construction and of a
non-conducting material, distinctly marked in order that they may be clearly identified.
Warning notices should be provided on each side of the passageway advising persons of the hazard and giving the cross bar clearance in order that drivers realist that they must lower their jibs etc. To give crane drivers sufficient time to lower the jib before reaching the goalposts, it is advisable to position advance warning notices as far from the goalposts as is required
by the length of the jib on the machine.
Where Work Will Be Carried Out Beneath The Overhead Line
If it is essential for work to be carried out beneath the overhead lines and they cannot be diverted or made dead, it will be necessary to take precautions in addition to those noted above. The Electricity Company, Safety Officer and the Health and Safety Executive should be consulted for advice on what additional precautions will be required.
Plant, equipment or tools that could reach beyond the safe clearance limit should never be taken under the line. Plant such
as cranes and excavators should be modified by the addition of suitable physical restraints so that they cannot reach beyond
the safe clearance limit.
When work has to be carried out on a structure with a consequent reduced safe clearance, the Safety Officer and the
Electricity Company should be consulted about proposed working methods. A responsible person familiar with the hazard should be appointed for the purpose of ensuring the observance of safety precautions and the work carried out under his or her direct supervision.
2.3.19 Power Tools/Equipment & Plant
The use of power tools, equipment and plant is regulated by the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 replacing the Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992.
The Regulations require risks to people’s health and safety, from equipment that they use at work, to be prevented or
controlled. In addition to the requirements of PUWER, lifting equipment is also subject to the requirements of the Lifting
Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations.
In general terms, the Regulations require that equipment provided for use at work is:
▪ suitable for the intended use;
▪ safe for use, maintained in a safe condition and, in certain circumstances, inspected to ensure this remains the case;
▪ used only by people who have received adequate information, instruction and training; and
▪ accompanied by suitable safety measures, eg protective devices, markings, warnings.
It is the responsibility of the Project Management team to provide the right kind of tools and equipment for the job and to see that they are properly used. Information concerning the safe use of tools should always be requested from the manufacturers/suppliers who by law are required to provide such information. Tools should be regularly checked on issue
from and on return to the store You should only operate equipment for which you have been thoroughly trained. Use the correct tools and equipment for
the job. Ensure that equipment supplied to you is accompanied with the operator’s instructions and check that the equipment is safe and fully efficient. Equipment should be guarded and equipped with safety devices where required and tested in accordance with all the current Regulations. Defects in equipment and tools should be reported immediately to
your Superior.
Do not use unsafe defective equipment until it has been put back in good safe condition. Do not attempt to repair or maintain equipment unless you have been properly trained to do so, particularly when it may involve the removal of safety guards or live electric’s. Ensure that guard protection is always in place where required. Ensure the working environment
meets the safety requirements for operating the type of equipment and tools you require to use, i.e., adequate space and lighting etc.
Pneumatic Tools
Compressed air is delivered at high pressure. If it enters the body it can rupture internal organs and cause death. Any form of horseplay or misuse should be expressly forbidden.
Compressors
Should always be under the supervision of a competent person who should be responsible for ensuring that the machine is kept in good order, i.e., making sure that feed belt and pulley drives are guarded, that hoses and couplings are maintained in good order and that regular checks are made to ensure that oil feed to the airline is properly topped up. Air receivers must
be marked with a safe working pressure and distinguishing number. They must also be fitted with safety valves, pressure
gauge, drain cock and manhole. Hose connections must be properly clamped – it can be dangerous to have loose or overtightened connections. Air receivers must be cleaned and thoroughly examined at least every 26 months.
Cartridge Operated Tools
Should only be used by properly trained and certificated persons over the age of 18 years. Supervised test runs are always advisable before the method of using cartridge operated tools are put into general practice on site. When operating cartridge tools, operators should wear head, ear and eye protection. Major hazards in using cartridge tools apart from
malevolent firing include where material is of a soft nature, the fastener can puncture and emerge from the other side like a
bullet; where the material is brittle or of uneven constituency, the fixing device may turn back on itself and injure the operator; the material may splinter at the point of impact; recoil, which can throw the operator off balance; excessive noise levels in certain circumstances, for example, confined spaces.
2.3.20 Protective Clothing and Equipment
Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd recognise their duties concerning the provision and use of personal protective equipment at work, as directed by the requirements of the Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992. The identification for the requirement of personal protective equipment will be determined primarily by the Employers responsibilities under the
Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, in the undertaking of an assessment of risk to determine foreseeable hazards and the likelihood of the risk occurring.
Other responsibilities placed on the Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd under these Regulations include:
- Properly assessing the personal protective equipment before use to ensure that it is suitable;
- Maintaining and storing the personal protective equipment properly;
- Providing instructions on how to use the personal protective equipment safely;
- Ensuring Employees use personal protective equipment correctly.
All personnel must wear/use protective clothing and equipment where and when required, e.g.: Safety footwear, gloves,
goggles, waterproofs, earmuffs/plugs, high visibility clothing and masks, must be worn where relevant.
Safety harnesses, lifelines, gas detectors, emergency breathing apparatus, underground service detectors, should always be used where and when required.
All site personnel are required to wear all appropriate clothing and equipment when and where required.
- Safety Helmets – to be worn whenever there is a likelihood of head injury from either falling/flying objects or head strikes against fixed objects.
- Safety Footwear – appropriate footwear will be worn for respective trades. Trainers and lightweight shoes are not
permitted.
- Gloves – appropriate gloves will be worn for respective trades particularly when demolition works are concerned so
that hands are protected from cuts and abrasions so that it prevents the likelihood of catching Leptospiral Jaundice
from rats urine.
- Overalls – appropriate overalls are to be worn for respective trades when and where required. Overalls are to be
cleaned when necessary if they are not of the disposable type.
- Eye Protection – will be worn whenever there is a likelihood of eye injury.
- Masks – of the appropriate type will be worn when and where required.
- Ear Protection – will be worn when noise are in excess of 80 dB (A).
- Safety Harnesses – in accordance with NASC SG4:00 and SG4:05 guidance
Further guidelines with regards to the wearing of protective clothing and equipment will be read before using substances and materials of a hazardous nature. This information will be contained in the COSHH Safety Data Sheets. COSHH Assessment Sheets will be supplied to the site before the materials are used.
The Construction (Head Protection) Regulations 1989 (now revoked) requiring the wearing of safety helmets on construction sites came into force on 30th March 1990. Since that date (with one notable exception), it has been an offence for persons not to wear a safety helmet at any place on site where there is a foreseeable risk of head injury (other than by falling). The
Regulations apply to all building operations and works of engineering construction and the extent of length of the work is not a determining factor. The Personal Protective Equipment Regulations 1992 now take precedence since the revocation of the Construction Head Protection Regulations 1989.
It is Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd policy that on all sites, Employees, all Sub-Contractors Employees, all visitors and
purchasers, must wear safety helmets. The wearing of safety helmets is mandatory throughout the site, with only the following exception: Inside site offices and huts as long as no works are being conducted in those areas or within the immediate confines of these areas.
2.3.21 Scaffolding
There are many different types of scaffolding used for many different reasons. Scaffolding can impose hazards not only to persons erecting or using the scaffold, but also persons nearby or underneath. Employees are required to be mindful of this at all times and should be professionally conscientious with regards to their work and how it could affect others.
From a technical point of view scaffold structures must be in compliance with Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015, The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998, The Lifting Operations and Lifting
Equipment Regulations 1998, The Approved Codes of Practices and all appropriate British Standards. Persons involved in providing, i.e., Designing, Planning, Managing, Erecting, Maintaining, Dismantling, Testing and Inspecting of scaffolding must do so in accordance with all appropriate Health and Safety Law and Codes of Practices etc.
Erection and dismantling of scaffolding will be undertaken in compliance with guidance provided within NASC SG4:00 and SG4:05 The Use of Fall Arrest Equipment Whilst Erecting, Altering and Dismantling Scaffolding, with respect to the use of fall arrest systems.
Certification Scheme
The CITB operate a certification scheme for basic and advanced scaffolding courses and issue and control individual training record cards. Scaffolders are grouped into three categories, Trainee, Basic Scaffolder and Advanced Scaffolder and before Scaffolders can be classed as basic or advanced, they should have completed an appropriate course and have
had specific minimum experience. Effective training of persons that provide a scaffold service is an essential factor in preventing accidents to Scaffolders, persons who use scaffolds and the general public who may be affected by a scaffold operations or work that will be carried out on the scaffold. The scheme applies, at present, only to Scaffolders who work on
scaffolding more than 5m (16.5 ft) high.
Participation in this scheme is not a legal requirement, but the scheme should lead to a general raising of the level of expertise throughout the industry. It is important to note that the legal requirements relating to the training of workers in the Health and Safety At Work etc., Act 1974 and to the competence and experience of Scaffolders, apply to all scaffolding
work.
This Code of Practice represents a standard of good practice. Compliance with it does not confer immunity from relevant legal requirements, including regulations and bylaws.
Scaffolding should only be erected/adjusted/dismantled by qualified competent Scaffolders. After scaffold has been erected/adjusted, the Scaffolder must issue a certificate of worthiness stating that the scaffolding is in good order. Any area of scaffolding which is not in good order, must be guarded off from areas required to be used and have ‘Scaffolding
incomplete – do not use’ signs displayed on it. Scaffolding not in good order must not be used.
Inspections
Where it is possible for a person to fall from a working platform, the platform and associated parts need to be inspected by a competent person, before first use, after substantial alteration, after any event likely to have affected it’s stability, for example, following strong winds and at regular intervals not exceeding seven days. The person in control must have the
inspections carried out by a competent person. Whoever controls the activities of others who use a scaffold also needs to ensure it is safe before they use it for the first time.
If the competent person is not satisfied that work can be carried out safely, they should advise the person for whom the
inspection was carried out as soon as possible. The workplace should not be used until the defects have been put right. A written report should be made following most inspections.
All working platforms where it could be possible for material/equipment to fall must be fitted with toeboards to the outside edges and the ends of the platforms. The toeboard height should not be less than 0.150 metres. Working platforms must be a minimum width of 600 mm, be wide enough for required access, work, persons and materials. They must be adequate for
the weight loadings to be imposed upon them.
Guardrails are required to be fitted to all working platforms, which are above the height of 2 metres where it could be
possible for someone to fall.
All ladders must be secured into position preventing them fromslipping/moving. The ideal angle for a ladder is 72 degrees.
Safe opening must be provided in guardrails and toeboards for unobstructed ladder access. Ladders must extend at least 1.05 metres above the landing level for adequate handhold. Damaged ladders must not be used.
An efficient lighting system should provide adequate illumination for the work being done and illuminate passages and gangways. A general overall illumination of 250 lux is satisfactory, but people doing specialised work may need double this amount of light over their work; this applies especially to people over 50 years of age. To avoid glare, all lamps should be
properly shielded or diffused. Particular attention should be paid to the positioning and shielding of local lights. Lighting should be installed in such a way as to avoid shadows. Fluorescent lighting overcomes problems of glare and shadow, but can occasionally cause rotating parts of machinery to
appear stationary. The hazard resulting from this stroboscopic effect can be overcome by adjacent lamps being wired off different phases of the 3-phase supply or by using localised incandescent lamps.
References
Legislation
Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015
Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998
Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998
Work at Height Regulations 2005
HSE Guidance Notes and Miscellaneous Information
GS 15 General access scaffolds.
GS 31 Safe use of ladders, step ladders and trestles.
GS 42 Tower scaffolds.
PM 30 Suspended access equipment.
HS (G) 19 Safety in working with power-operated mobile work platforms.
HS (G) 23 Safety at power-operated mast work platforms.
HS (G) 33 Safety in roof work.
SG4: 05 The Use of Fall Arrest Equipment Whilst Erecting, Altering and Dismantling Scaffolding
RoSPA Technical pamphlet No. 4 scaffolding.
RoSPA Technical pamphlet No. 5 Timber for ladders and scaffolding boards.
Safety of scaffolding; Report of the sub-committee of the Joint Advisory Committee on Safety and Health in the Construction
Industry (HMSO).
Practical Scaffolding (CITB).
Scaffolders and Users Guide to Safe Access Scaffolding (BEC).
Cradle riggers and users’ guide to safe suspended platforms (BEC).
2.3.22 Site Machinery
The use of site machinery will be undertaken in compliance with various regulations to ensure health and safety risks to operatives using such equipment and those around are eliminated or reduced to an acceptable minimum.
This will include:
Safe use and maintenance of machinery – Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998
Exposure to noise whilst using machinery – Control of Noise at Work Regulations 2005
Exposure to hand/arm and whole body vibration – Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005
It is the responsibility of Management to provide the right kind of tools, equipment/machines for the job and to see that Employees properly use them. Information concerning the safe use of machines and equipment should always be requested and obtained wherever possible from the manufacturers/suppliers who by law are required to provide such information. Machines and equipment should be checked on issue and regularly tested and inspected whilst in use in accordance with the Manufacturers/Suppliers Guidance. They should also be checked when being returned to the store. Details of the Law and Codes of Practices can be found in the Aztec
Construction Midlands Ltd Library of Safety Information.
Main Requirements
▪ Persons required to operate tools/plant/equipment/machines etc., should only do so if they have been thoroughly trained on the safe use and the necessary precautionary measures to be taken.
▪ Use the correct tools and equipment for the job.
▪ Ensure that equipment supplied to you is accompanied with the operator’s instructions.
▪ Check that the equipment is safe and fully efficient. Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd should maintain a record of
checks and services.
▪ Equipment should be guarded and equipped with safety devices where required.
▪ Equipment should be tested in accordance with all applicable Regulations.
▪ Defects in equipment and tools should be reported immediately to your Superior.
▪ Tools/plant/equipment/machines should be used within their safe limitations.
▪ Do not use unsafe defective equipment until it has been put back in good safe condition.
▪ Any plant found not in good order must be taken out of service immediately, safely isolated and locked off. “Out of
Order” signs/labels should be displayed on defective equipment until in good order.
▪ Do not attempt to repair or maintain equipment unless you have been properly trained to do so, particularly when it may involve the removal of safety guards or live electric’s.
▪ Ensure that guard protection is always in place where required.
▪ Ensure the working environment meets the safety requirements for operating the type of equipment and tools you require to use, i.e., adequate space and lighting etc.
▪ Ensure when operating equipment, other persons that may be affected must be adequately safeguarded/protected.
▪ All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn/used as and when required.
Plant layout
Machines should be sited with safety in mind, to the following general principles:
▪ Lay out machines in operational sequence.
▪ Provide a minimum of 1m backspace for the machine operator.
▪ Ensure that materials being processed do not interfere with operations on adjacent machines.
▪ Provide clear passageways.
▪ Keep all materials not in use properly stacked and away from machines.
Take account of any special materials handling requirements.
The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 cover many different aspects relating to the safety of
equipment – below are some of the main issues:
Guarding – General Principles
Keep the hands of machinists as far as possible from cutting edges by:
▪ Using properly enclosed automatic feeding units wherever possible.
▪ Providing guards which enclose the cutters as far as possible.
▪ Providing wherever possible, jigs, holders, guides and push sticks.
▪ Guards should be robust and strong enough to contain flying cutters, securely fixed and easily adjustable, where necessary, by using manual methods of locking and release such as wing nuts, hand wheels and handles. Guards should also be maintained in good condition and capable of free movement to the limits of their adjustment.
Manufacturers Operators Manuals/Specification Information for machines, equipment and tools should be fully considered and accommodated where they meet appropriate safety standards. This information should be available to Operators, Managers and Maintenance Personnel.
Training
When considering training requirements in relation to equipment/machines/tools etc., it is important to bear in mind that
three categories of persons have to be considered:
▪ Machine operators.
▪ Other persons who work at machines, such as “takers-off” and cleaners.
▪ Young workers.
It should be noted that experience alone in working with equipment/machines/tools etc., is not enough and that merely giving
instruction cannot be regarded as training. Actual demonstrations should be given by the person in charge, followed up by such supervision as necessary to ensure that the lessons have been completely absorbed and that the trainee is competent to follow the prescribed practices.
Lighting requirements
The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, compliment the requirement for sufficient and suitable workplace lighting. An efficient lighting system should provide adequate illumination for the work being done and illuminate passages and gangways.
A general overall illumination of 250 lux is satisfactory, but people doing specialised work may need double this amount of light over their work; this applies especially to people over 50 years of age.
To avoid glare, all lamps should be properly shielded or diffused. Particular attention should be paid to the positioning and shielding of local lights. Lighting should be installed in such a way as to avoid shadows. Fluorescent lighting overcomes problems of glare and shadow, but can occasionally cause rotating parts of machinery to appear stationary.
The hazard resulting from this stroboscopic effect can be overcome by adjacent lamps being wired off different phases of the 3-phase supply or by using localised incandescent lamps. Consideration should also be given to protect lamps from being damaged by machine operations and material handling.
Ventilation
Adequate ventilation/extraction must be provided to safeguard the health of equipment users and others who may be affected. For example, machines that generate dust, fumes and vapours etc., which could be hazardous to health.
Harmful substances
Some machine operations may involve the use of substances which may be hazardous to health, therefore, the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 must be complied with. For example, dust, fumes, vapours and oils, etc.
Noise Generation
The Noise at Work Regulations 2005 must be complied with when operating machines, equipment and tools. Where
machinery is noisy to such an extent that it may damage hearing, noise levels can be reduced by:
▪ Anti-vibration mountings.
▪ Damping doors and panels to eliminate vibration and rattle.
▪ Exhaust silencers.
▪ Separation of noisy machines by distance or screening.
▪ Machine enclosures.
▪ Using helical cutters on planing machines.
▪ Damping vibration of saw blades.
▪ Efficient maintenance.
If, in spite of such engineering controls, persons are still at risk of exposure to noise above the action levels of 80dB(A) or 85 dB (A) over an 8 hour period, or it’s equivalent, other measures must be taken, such as to:
Reduce personal exposure times – for example, by shifts, quiet refuges, and job rotation.
Provide ear protection. Areas where ear protectors are required must be clearly marked and entry strictly controlled.
Regulations
The Health and Safety At Work Etc., Act 1974, The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998, The Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas Containers Regulations 1989 and The Electricity At Work Regulations 1989 must be fully complied with. The Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 also apply to equipment used for lifting operations. There are certain Approved Codes of Practices, British Standards and HSE Guidance Notes related to Plant and Equipment/Tools that must also be considered.
2.3.23 Site Planning and Layout
This section provides a checklist of items, which should be taken into account to achieve successful Health and Safety management in site planning and layout. Following a preliminary appraisal,the checklist is sub-divided into
Administrative and Operational Sections and both are presented in logical sequence.
Preliminary Appraisal:
▪ Examine contract documents and specification and establish constraints that affect planning of site layout and methods of construction.
▪ Define logic of the work sequence.
▪ Define area of site available for plant, access, temporary buildings and services, materials storage and welfare
requirements.
Once the basic appraisal is complete the contract should be planned with due regard to the principles established by the Health and Safety At Work etc. Act – in particular that the employer shall provide:
▪ A safe system of work.
▪ Safe plant and equipment, safe erection and testing.
▪ Safe handling, storage and transport of materials.
▪ Safe place of work, safe access.
▪ Safe working environment.
▪ Information, instruction, training and supervision.
▪ Adequate welfare facilities, in compliance with the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015.
▪ Protection of all persons likely to be affected by work activities, including the public, particularly children.
Many organisations already pay considerable attention to site planning and layout. They know from experience that forethought in this direction will be more than repaid by the savings effected in reducing hazards to people, equipment, plant and materials. They know too, that elimination of hazards is inherent in producing a job that runs smoothly – with materials delivered as and when required, with statutory requirements taken into account, with storage, fire precautions, health and welfare arrangements all worked out in advance. It even pays to devise safe ways and means of bringing money from the bank and to arrange parking space for Employees’ cars to prevent obstructions on site.
Statutory Undertakers
Water authorities, telecommunication companies, gas and electricity companies should be contacted regarding the following;
▪ Request in writing to locate existing services, including gas, water, electricity, British Telecommunications and Sewers
etc.
▪ Give instructions to isolate or divert existing supplies.
▪ Arrange isolation or diversion of overhead supplies or provide adequate protection.
▪ Arrange for temporary earthed supplies (single and three phase) for electricity.
▪ Consider safe location of sub-station for electricity.
First Aid for Site Works
Where Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd are the appointed Principal Contractor for the site, first aid arrangements will be provided in compliance with the Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981. Individual Sub-Contractors will be required to make adequate provisions for first aid in addition to the site provisions. This would be confirmed prior to their
commencement at site.
2.3.24 Site Welfare Facilities
This section highlights the main requirements and Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Policy for compliance with the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 Site workers should have adequate toilet and washing facilities, a place for warming-up and eating their food and
somewhere for changing/storing clothing. Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd is responsible for providing or making available such welfare facilities as necessary for it’s site workers whether they are direct Employees or Sub-Contractors.
The welfare facilities should be sufficient for everybody who is working on the site and can be arranged separately or jointly with others under Shared Welfare arrangements. When working on Client’s premises carrying out small works operations, often the Client will be in the position to provide suitable welfare facilities.
The status of Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd on site would determine whether Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd Site Management would be in control of the site welfare facilities that would also include first aid provisions. On most sites, it is best that the Principal Contractor or Client provides all the necessary welfare facilities and that they offer those provisions
under Shared Welfare arrangements.
Sanitary Conveniences
The number of toilets required will depend on the number of people working on the site. Wherever possible, toilets should be flushed by water, but if this is not possible, use chemical toilets. Rooms containing sanitary conveniences should be adequately ventilated and lit. Men and women may use the same toilet, provided it is in a lockable room and is suitably positioned away from any urinals that may also have been provided. A washbasin with water, soap and towels or dryers should be close to the toilets if the toilets are not near the other washing facilities provided on the site.
Washing Facilities
On all sites, there must be basins large enough to allow people to wash their faces, hands and forearms. All basins should
have a supply of clean hot and cold, or warm water. If mains water is not available, water supplied from a tank may be used. Soap and towels (either cloth or paper) or dryers should also be provided.
Where the work is particularly dirty or workers are exposed to toxic or corrosive substances (for example, during work in contaminated ground), showers may be needed. Full consideration must be given to comply with the COSHH Assessment Control Measures where hazardous substances are concerned. Men and women can share basins for washing their hands,
faces and arms.
Both men and women may use a shower provided that it is in a separate, lockable room so that one person can use the room at a time. Rooms containing washing facilities should be sufficiently ventilated and lit. Washing facilities must be provided adjacent to all drying rooms and sanitary conveniences.
Drinking Water
Make sure there is a supply of drinking water. It is best if a tap direct from the mains in available. Otherwise bottles or tanks of water may be used. If water is stored, it should be protected from possible contamination and changed often enough to prevent it from becoming stale or contaminated. Containers of drinking water must be clearly marked. Drinking water taps
should be clearly marked and cups or other drinking vessels should be available at the water tap, unless the water is supplied as an upward jet that can be drunk from easily (for example, a drinking fountain).
Storage and changing of clothing
Make sure there are arrangements for storing clothing not worn on site and for protective clothing needed for site works.
Where there is a risk of protective site clothing contaminating everyday clothing, these items should be stored separately.
Where men and women are working on site, separate changing arrangements must be provided. There should be somewhere to dry wet site clothing.
Rest Facilities
Facilities for rest and meal breaks should be available. The facilities should provide shelter from the wind and rain and be heated as necessary. The rest facilities should have tables and chairs, a kettle or urn for boiling water and a means for preparing food.
Smoking
It should be possible for non-smokers to use the facilities without suffering the discomfort from tobacco smoke; it may be possible to prevent discomfort by increasing ventilation. If this cannot be done, it may be necessary to provide separate facilities for smokers and non-smokers, or to prohibit smoking in the presence of non-smokers.
Location of Welfare Facilities
Welfare facilities should be easily available to people working on the site. Toilets need to be easily accessible from where the work is being carried out. Hand basins should be close to toilets. Washing facilities need to be near rest rooms so that it is convenient for people to wash before eating. In most cases these facilities will be provided on site.
Where work is done at occupied premises, arrangements can be made with the occupier to use the facilities provided for the
people who normally use the premises. In some cases, welfare and toilet facilities may be made available in nearby premises. This is acceptable, providing these arrangements are clear and agreed with the occupier of the premises. Such arrangements may be appropriate for short duration work or work done by mobile gangs.
If mobile gangs are being employed at work at a number of locations over a few days, facilities can be provided at a central location. This is on condition that they are available to workers within reasonable walking distance or within a reasonable time, taking into account any transport that is available. Alternatively, arrangements can be made at local houses, cafes or
other premises. However, these arrangements should be made and agreed in advance by Managers or Supervisors of Aztec Construction
Midlands Ltd . Arrangements with local cafes etc. would not be suitable where Employees need suitable facilities for personal hygiene regarding hazardous substances or contaminated sites etc. Workers should not be left to make their own arrangements.
All welfare facilities must be kept clean and if food is stored on site, it must be kept in a hygienic manner and at the correct temperature. The changing of clothing or the storage of equipment and tools are not allowed in the canteen. Food scraps and rubbish must be removed from sites as soon as possible.
All personnel should change their clothing and wash themselves before taking meals particularly when working in environmental conditions that have exposed them to bacteria and harmful substances.
2.3.25 Step Ladder Safety
The Work at Height Regulations 2005 requires ladders and step ladders are used for work only where a risk assessment has demonstrate that the use of more suitable work equipment is not justified because of low risk and either of the following:
- i) short duration of use (less than 30 minutes – total task length) or;
- ii) short duration of use (less than 30 minutes – total task length) or;
short duration of use (less than 30 minutes – total task length) or; Stepladders should not be used if loads above 10kgs are required to be taken up the ladder, unless a full manual handling assessment is undertaken.
Every ladder should be used in such a way that a secure handhold and secure support is always available. This includes stepladders, where if maintenance of a handhold is not practicable when a load is carried, the use must be justified by risk assessment.
Ladders and stepladders should be erected on a firm level base and supported by the stiles only. On sloping or uneven surfaces an adjustable safety foot can be used to ensure equal support; loose packing must not be used. Schedule 6 of the Work at Height Regulations requires that portable ladders are prevented from slipping during use by securing stiles at or
near upper and lower ends or by use of effective anti-slip or other effective stability devices or other equivalent effective arrangements.
There are a number of proprietary ladder stabilising devices available including tripods, stabilisers and friction devices.
These can be used with non-slip pads, caps or sleeves, especially on slippery floor surfaces. The ladder should be prevented from moving prior to being stepped upon. Only one person should use the ladder at any one time.
Classes of Step Ladders
The classes of ladder are as such:
Class 1 – Heavy Duty, suitable for construction
Class 2 – Lighter Trades, such as decorating
Class 3 – Light Domestic Use.
It is recommended only Class 1 or EN131 stepladders are used where required.
Where there is a requirement to use any form of temporary ladder equipment, a ladder risk assessment must be completed and permit to use ladder equipment must be provided to Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd . This is applicable to Contracting Companies. Directly employed staff will be controlled by their respective Managers.
Ladder Schedules
A schedule of ladders and step ladders should be maintained at the workplace. This should detail individual reference numbers for each ladder present, the location in which it is stored and the date of last visual inspection. As required in the PUWER 98 regulations (Provision and Use of Work Equipment 1998) all work equipment including step ladders, ladders and
other working at height equipments must be inspected every seven days or less by a trained and competent person and the results of this inspection must by provided to the Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd site management weekly.
The ladder should additionally be inspected prior to each use. Timber ladders should not be used if rungs are warped or loose, or any signs of damage is present, such as splits, cracks or splintering. Wire tie rods should be in place beneath each rung and wire stile reinforcement on the underside of the stile.
Timber ladders should not be painted, although a clear varnish would allow for visual inspection for damage. Metal ladders should be checked for mechanical damage or signs of undue wear or movement.
Podium steps are the preferred option to step ladders as they provide a much safer working environment as they stand little chance of toppling.
Where working off step ladders, works that impose side loadings should be avoided, such as side on drilling through solid materials. If the environment or work required cannot be altered to prevent side loadings, additional protection should be used to prevent toppling (only if more suitable types of access equipment cannot be used).
At all times, handholds should be available and used whilst on a step ladder. Where you cannot maintain a handhold (e.g. putting a box on a shelf), the use of a stepladder will have to be justified by taking into account:
- the height of the task;
- a safe handhold still being available on the stepladder;
- whether it is light work;
- whether it avoids side loading;
- whether it avoids overreaching;
- whether the user’s feet are fully supported; and
- whether you can tie the stepladder.
Ladders and step ladders should not be used in any area where they could be struck by vehicles, pushed over by doors or windows, have pedestrians passing below them or where the restraint device on the ladder cannot be fully opened and locking device engaged. Unavoidable live electrical works requiring ladder access should be carried out off non-conductive
ladders i.e. timber or fiberglass, and works should not be carried out within 6m horizontally from overhead power lines. The work to be carried out should be detailed within a Safe Method of Work Statement, to be agreed in advance of the works commencing.
Ladder Checklist
People should only use stepladders if:
- they are competent – users should be trained and instructed to use the equipment safely (this would be by means
of a toolbox talk presentation);
- the stepladder is long enough
- do not use the top two steps of a stepladder, unless a suitable handrail is available on the stepladder
- don’t use the top three steps of swing-back or double-sided stepladders, where a step forms the very top of the
stepladder
- check the stepladder rungs or steps are level. This can be judged by the naked eye.
- the weather is suitable – do not use them in strong or gusting winds
- they are wearing robust, sensible footwear (e.g. safety shoes/boots). Shoes should not have the soles hanging off,
have long or dangling laces, or be thick with mud or other slippery contaminants;
- they know how to prevent members of the public and other workers from using them;
- they are fit – certain medical conditions or medication, alcohol or drug abuse could stop them from using ladders. If
you are in any doubt, speak to an occupational health professional;
- they know how to tie a ladder or stepladder properly.
On a stepladder, don’t:
- move them while standing on the rungs/steps;
- support them by the rungs or steps at the base;
- slide down the stiles;
- stand them on moveable objects, such as pallets, bricks, lift trucks, tower scaffolds, excavator buckets, vans, or
mobile elevating work platforms;
- extend a ladder while standing on the rungs.
2.3.26 Welding
Welding has been defined as the fusion of two pieces of metal, rendered plastic or liquid by heat or by pressure or by both.
There are many different welding processes, but the two most commonly used are gas welding and electric arc welding.
In gas welding, metal fusion is achieved by the use of very high temperature flames, produced by a mixture of gases at a torch or blowpipe. The gases involved are oxygen and a fuel gas, such as acetylene or LPG.
In electric arc welding, the arc is struck between an electrode and the workpieces. The temperature attained by the welding arc is approximately 4000oC. At this temperature, the workpieces are melted and fused together.
Hazards associated with welding
The principal hazards associated with gas welding are fires, explosions, burns, eye damage, heat stress, respiratory disease and systemic poisoning. As such, suitable control measures will be required for all such works, as determined by an assessment of risk, required under the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002. Additional hazards, which may result from arc welding, are electric shock, ultra-violet radiation and ozone.
The potential for fires and explosions is always present unless gas cylinders are stored and handled correctly. When any type of welding equipment is in use, the naked flame, or arc, provides a source of ignition for any combustible material, flammable gas or vapour.
Where possible, flammable materials should be kept out of any area where welding is taking place. Where such a course of action is not practicable, fire-resisting sheets should be used to protect the surroundings from the flame and from spatter. At least one fire extinguisher should always be immediately available in the area of any welding operation.
Skin burns may result from metal spatter or from touching hot workpieces. The hands, arms, legs and feet are particularly vulnerable so should be protected by gloves or gauntlets, spats and jackets made from chrome leather. The use of leathersafety footwear is also recommended.
Prolonged exposure to the heat from welding may lead to reddening of the skin of the face. In the case of gas welding, discomfort may be avoided by the use of a hand shield.
During any welding operation, sparks, spatter, slag and other foreign bodies may penetrate the eyes. During gas welding, infrared and of course, visible light is emitted, but not ultra-violet light. Infrared may dry the outer surface of the eye, which may become irritated. The eyes must be protected from infrared and visible light by means of box goggles with a housing
made to BS 1542 and filters made to BS EN 169. Ultra-violet (UV) radiation, to which the eyes are very sensitive, is produced during welding. The effect from UV radiation on the eyes may vary from conjunctivitis to possible permanent damage to the retina. In order to avoid these injuries, welders
must, again in order to comply with The Protection of Eyes Regulations, use a welding helmet or hand screen, with housing complying with BS 1542 and fitted with appropriate filters to BS EN170. Persons working in the vicinity of arc welding also need protection from UV radiation. This protection can be given by means of screens placed around the welder’s working
area.
The longer duration of welding, the hotter the surroundings, including the welder, become. This heat stress is intensified the
smaller the confines in which the welding operation is taking place. In extreme cases, the welder may faint. If thermal stress is envisaged, then ventilation should be introduced and consideration should be given to having a second person on standby in case of emergencies.
Every welding process produces gases and fumes which may result in respiratory disease.
Before carrying out welding operations, the materials involved should be identified, the risks assessed and necessary control
measures established.
It cannot be assumed that natural ventilation will produce acceptably low gas and fume concentrations in the welder’s breathing zone. If a number of welding operations are being carried out in the same area, or the work is being carried out in a confined space, then the risk is obviously increased. The most effective form of fume control equipment is the type, which allows the extractor hood to be placed as close to the weld as possible.
Systemic poisoning
The fumes from galvanised metals, lead coated or other toxic metals may affect not only the respiratory system, but also the rest of the body, particularly where the work, which produces the fumes, is carried on for any length of time in poorly ventilated conditions. The provision of an exhaust ventilation system for this type of work is essential and in addition, the
use of respirators may be required. Air sampling must be carried out to confirm the adequacy of the precautions. Where the burning or cutting of lead coated steel takes place, the requirements of the Control of Lead at Work Regulations 1998 must be observed.
Gas welding – Cylinder identification
▪ Oxygen cylinders are painted black.
▪ Acetylene cylinders are painted maroon.
▪ Propane (the most commonly used LPG) cylinders are painted red.
Oxygen has no smell and is not itself flammable. However, too much oxygen in the atmosphere can be extremely dangerous. If the gas impregnates materials, which normally do not burn, they are liable to burst into flames. Acetylene is highly flammable and with air or oxygen, may form an explosive mixture. LPG is heavier than air and may therefore, collect
in low-lying areas.
Storage of gas cylinders
▪ Oxygen cylinders should be stored at least 3m away from those containing acetylene or LPG, since any mixture of oxygen with one of the fuel gases, which might result from a leakage, could be highly explosive.
▪ Gas cylinders should preferably be kept on a hard standing in a safe place in the open air. Where this is not reasonably practicable, flammable gases should be kept in a storeroom.
▪ Acetylene and LPG cylinders whether full or empty, should always be kept upright.
▪ Oxygen cylinders may be stacked horizontally.
▪ Full cylinders should be kept separate from empty ones.
▪ Cylinders in use should normally be kept and moved in purpose built trolleys. Under no circumstances should cylinders be rolled along the ground.
Guidance
In order to undertake welding works in a safe and controlled manner, a safe method of work statement will be required for the operations, based on findings derived from an assessment of risk, and in compliance with guidance provided within HS (G) 139 The Safe Use of Compressed Gases in Welding, Flame Cutting and Allied Processes. All such works will be conducted under a Permit to Work system and in compliance with the Gas Association Codes of Practice Part Five – The Storage and Use of LPG on Construction Sites (May 2000), and the Pressure Equipment Regulations 1999
2.3.27 Working on or alongside roads
The operations of Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd include the need for operatives to work on or alongside public roads.
Such operations are recognised as being hazardous to Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd operatives, pedestrians and road users alike. Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd management undertake to minimise the hazards presented by assessing the hazards and likely risks, and implementing control measures to reduce the risk as far as is reasonably practicable, in
compliance with the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 and the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999.
Control measures will be based on the findings of Risk Assessments and will allow the devising and implementation of a safe system of work that addresses the risks posed by working on or alongside public roads. All works undertaken on or near a public road will comply with the requirements of the New Roads and Street Works Act 1991.
It is necessary to ensure the safe movement of vehicles and pedestrians particularly where the public is involved. This will mean the fixing of continuous rigid barriers to mark any temporary footway and to protect pedestrians from traffic, etc. Handrails should be fixed at between 1m and 1.2m above ground level and there should be a tapping rail for use. Traffic
barriers, used to indicate the road works and to segregate traffic from the works, should normally be of an innocuous type, designed so as not to cause a further hazard, if hit by a moving vehicle. They must be of a conspicuous colour and kept clean.
Other safety matters
The following additional general recommendations could all help to avert accidents:
- Except when parked facing traffic flows, all vehicles drivers and other occupants should vacate their vehicle by the near
(left) side.
- All vehicles should be equipped with two high intensity rear fog lamps that are automatically switched on when reversing, plus an automatic audible reversing alarm to warn operatives of the danger from a reversing vehicle.
- In addition, it is highly desirable to have all reversing manoeuvres directedby a banksman located towards the rear of the vehicle but within sight of the driver.
- In order to enable works to proceed smoothly on heavily used roads, consideration should be given, where possible, to:
- Working during light traffic flows only
CHECKLIST
Before work starts
- Has the signing and guarding of the works been planned?
- What width of carriageway can be kept open and is it enough for two-way traffic?
- What width of footway can be kept open and is it enough?
- What form of traffic control is needed?
- Have the appropriate authorities been notified?
- Has high visibility clothing been provided?
- Have hazards from noise and fumes been assessed and appropriate control measures introduced?
- Has personal protective equipment been provided?
- Has all necessary instruction and training been given?
- Have first aid and emergency procedures been made?
When work is in progress
- If circumstances change, has the signing been appropriately altered?
- Are signs, cones and lamps regularly cleaned, maintained or replaced?
- Has authorisation been obtained to cover changed circumstances?
- Are traffic control arrangements reviewed as work progresses?
When work is complete
- Have all signs, cones and lamps been removed?
- Have all permanent signs been restored?
- Have appropriate authorities been notified that work is complete?
2.3.28 Working at Height
The Work at Height Regulations 2005 came into force on 6 April 2005 and consolidates previous legislation.
The regulations apply to all work at height where there is a risk of a fall liable to cause personal injury. They place duties on employers, the self-employed, and any person that controls the work of others to the extent of their control (for example building owners or occupiers who may contract others to work at height).
The regulations are aimed at maintaining and improving standards for all work at height. Standards for work above two meters will not change; they are simply being extended to work at any height.
Duty holders must ensure that:
▪ Works should not be carried out at height if the works can be carried out safely otherwise than at height;
▪ Where works are carried out at height, employers must take suitable and sufficient measures to prevent, so far as
is reasonably practicable, any person falling a distance liable to cause personal injury.
▪ all work at height is properly planned and organised;
▪ those involved in work at height are competent;
▪ the risks from work at height are assessed and appropriate equipment is selected and used;
▪ the risks from fragile surfaces are properly controlled;
▪ equipment for work at height is properly inspected and maintained;
▪ every parapet, permanent rail or other such fall protection measure of every place of work at height are checked on each occasion before the place is used.
The Regulations include Schedules giving requirements for existing places of work and means of access for work at height, collective fall prevention (e.g. guardrails and working platforms), collective fall arrest (e.g. nets, airbags etc), personal fall protection (e.g. work restraints, fall arrest and rope access) and ladders.
Schedule One of the Work at Height Regulations 2005 (Regulation 6(4)(a)) detail the requirements for existing places of work and means of access or egress at height and are detailed below:
Working at Height Environment
Every existing place of work or means of access or egress at height shall l:
- a) be stable and of sufficient strength and rigidity for the purpose for which it is intended to be or is being used;
- b) where applicable, rest on a stable, sufficiently strong surface;
- c) be of sufficient dimensions to permit the safe passage of persons and the safe use of any plant or materials required to be used and to provide a safe working area having regard to the work to be carried out there;
- d) possess suitable and sufficient means for preventing a fall;
- e) possess a surface which has no gap –
- a) through which a person could fall;
- b) (through which any material or object could fall and injure a person;
- giving rise to other risk of injury to any person, unless measures have been taken to protect persons against such risk;
- be so constructed and used, and maintained in such condition, as to prevent, so far as is reasonably practicable –
- the risk of slipping or tripping; or
- a) any person being caught between it and any adjacent structure;
- b) where it has moving parts, be prevented by appropriate devices from moving inadvertently during work at height.
Falls from height remain the single biggest cause of construction deaths and one of the biggest causes of major injury. The regulations set out a simple hierarchy for managing and selecting equipment for work at height:
- avoid work at height where you can;
- prevent falls where you cannot avoid working at height;
- minimise the distance and consequences of a fall where the risk of a fall cannot be eliminated.
Reducing the effects of any falls from height
Where despite the introduction of measures designed to prevent the risks of persons falling, there still remains a risk of such an event occurring then Aztec Construction Midlands Ltd will have to employ measures to ensure that the effects of any falls are reduced. There are many systems that could be employed to either limit the amount of distance that a person could
fall, or to provide a safe landing area. As with any control measure,consideration should always be given to measures that
provide collective safety such as advanced guardrail system.
Care needs to be exercised to ensure that manufacturer’s instructions are followed and the systems are properly deployed.
Fall-arrest systems, although effective in limiting the distance that a person could fall, pose additional problems owing to:
▪ ensuring the correct selection of equipment for the type of work to be undertaken;
▪ finding suitable anchorage points;
▪ inspection and maintenance issues (a high level or inspection and maintenance is required for both
anchorage points, lanyards and harnesses);
▪ a higher level of supervision to ensure that they are being properly utilised; difficulties that may be encountered in trying to effect a rescue.
Careful selection of any personal fall arrest systems will be required and should always include a suitable margin for safety above the limits of force that are likely to be applied.
Effective planning should take place before work commences to ensure that should anyone fall, a quick rescue can be affected. Additional injuries (suspension trauma) can be sustained after a fall where a person is left hanging motionless for a period of as little as five minutes.
Scaffolding
The Work at Height Regulations 2005 details within Schedule Two the requirements for scaffolding, as such:
Means of protection shall be of sufficient dimensions, of sufficient strength and rigidity for the purposes for which they are being used, and otherwise suitable, secured to prevent being accidentally displaced; and placed as to prevent, so far as is practicable, the fall of any person, or of any material or object, from any place of work.
In relation to work at height involved in construction work the top guard-rail or other similar means of protection shall be at least 950 millimetres or, in the case of such means of protection already fixed at the coming into force of these Regulations, at least 910 millimetres above the edge from which any person is liable to fall. Any intermediate guard-rail or similar means
of protection shall be positioned so that any gap between it and other means of protection does not exceed 470 millimetres.
Means of protection shall be removed only for the time and to the extent necessary to gain access or egress or for the performance of a particular task and shall be replaced as soon as practicable. The task shall not be performed while means of protection are removed unless effective compensatory safety measures are in place.
Strength and stability calculations for scaffolding shall be carried out unless a note of the calculations, covering the structural arrangements contemplated, is available; or it is assembled in conformity with a generally recognised standard configuration.
Depending on the complexity of the scaffolding selected, an assembly, use and dismantling plan shall be drawn up by a competent person. This may be in the form of a standard plan, supplemented by items relating to specific details of the scaffolding in question.
A copy of the plan, including any instructions it may contain, shall be kept available for the use of persons concerned in the
assembly, use, dismantling or alteration of scaffolding until it has been dismantled.
While a scaffold is not available for use, including during its assembly, dismantling or alteration, it shall be marked with general warning signs in accordance with the Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996 and be suitably delineated by physical means preventing access to the danger zone.
Scaffolding may be assembled, dismantled or significantly altered only under the supervision of a competent person and by persons who have received appropriate and specific training in the operations envisaged which addresses specific risks which the operations may entail and precautions to be taken, and more particularly in:
- a) understanding of the plan for the assembly, dismantling or alteration of the scaffolding concerned;
- b) safety during the assembly, dismantling or alteration of the scaffolding concerned;
- c) measures to prevent the risk of persons, materials or objects falling;
- d) safety measures in the event of changing weather conditions which could adversely affect the safety of the scaffolding concerned;
- permissible loadings;
- a) any other risks which the assembly, dismantling or alteration of the scaffolding may entail.
Use of Ladders (also see Step Ladder Safety)
Ladders can only be used for work at height only if a risk assessment under Regulation 3 of the Management Regulations has demonstrated that the use of more suitable work equipment is not justified because of the low risk and the short duration of use; or existing features on site which he cannot alter.
Any surface upon which a ladder rests shall be stable, firm, of sufficient strength and of suitable composition safely to support the ladder so that its rungs or steps remain horizontal, and any loading intended to be placed on it. A ladder must be positioned as to ensure its stability during use.
Ladders should be erected on a firm level base and the ladder supported by the stiles only. On sloping or uneven surfaces an adjustable safety foot can be used to ensure equal support; loose packing should not be used. The use of non-slip pads, caps or sleeves is recommended, especially on slippery floor surfaces. The head of the ladder should rest on a firm, solid
surface. A ladder stay can be used where the support may otherwise be unsuitable, such as at a plastic gutter. The correct slope for a ladder is an angle of about 75° to the horizontal, i.e. one metre out for every four metres of height.
All ladders between places of work must be secured against slipping and all ladders, which are 3m, or more in length must be secured, where possible, near the top. This is normally achieved by lashing or clamping each stile to a convenient secureanchorage. In certain cases the use of spreader arms attached to the top of the ladder may satisfy this requirement to
secure, but it must first be established that the ladder, so fitted, cannot slip in the circumstances in which it is to be used.
On long ladders an intermediate tie rope is necessary to prevent swaying. In use, a ladder should be placed so that there is space behind each rung for proper foothold. Rungs should be clear of grease, oil or other slippery substance. Only one person should be permitted on a ladder at any one time.
2.3.29 Coronavirus (Covid 19)
The World Health Organisation has now declared Coronavirus (Covid-19) a PANDEMIC
How COVID-19 spreads:
When someone who has COVID-19 coughs or exhales, they release droplets of infected fluid. Most of these droplets fall on nearby surfaces and objects – such as desks, tables or telephones. People could catch COVID-19 by touching contaminated surfaces or objects – and then touching their eyes, nose or mouth. If they are standing within one meter of a person with
COVID-19 they can catch it by breathing in droplets coughed out or exhaled by them. In other words, COVID-19 spreads in a similar way to flu. Regularly review the UK government & Public Health/NHS requirements and guidance
Symptoms The following symptoms may develop in the 14 days after exposure to someone who has COVID-19 infection:
- New cough
- Difficulty in breathing
- Fever / high temperature
Generally, these infections can cause more severe symptoms in people with weakened immune systems, older people, and those with long-term
conditions like diabetes, cancer and chronic lung disease.
The low-cost measures below will help prevent the spread of infections in the workplace, such as colds, flu and stomach bugs, and protect customers, contractors and employees.
- Make sure our workplaces are kept clean and hygienic
▪ Surfaces (e.g. desks and tables) and objects (e.g. telephones, keyboards) need to be wiped with disinfectant regularly, because contamination on surfaces touched by employees and customers is one of the main ways that COVID-19 spreads
- All employees and contractors should practice good levels of hygiene by –
▪ undertaking regular and thorough handwashing using sanitising hand rub dispensers around the workplace
wherever possible.
▪ do not touch your eyes, nose or mouth if your hands are not clean
▪ Cover your mouth & nose with a tissue or your sleeve (not your hands) when you cough or sneeze
▪ Site Managers / Supervisors should display posters promoting handwashing and ensure it is included in daily briefings and monitor compliance accordingly.
▪ Managers should make sure that staff, contractors, visitors and customers have access to places where they can wash their hands with soap and water because washing kills the virus on your hands and prevents the spread of COVID- 19
- All employees and contractors should promote good respiratory hygiene –
▪ Ensure that face masks and/or paper tissues are available at workplaces, along with closed bins for hygienically disposing of them.